Diferenciando as abordagens tradicional e ágil de gerenciamento de projetos
Differentiating traditional and agile project management approaches
Eder, Samuel; Conforto, Edivandro Carlos; Amaral, Daniel Capaldo; Silva, Sergio Luis da
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132014005000021
Production, vol.25, n3, p.498-509, 2015
Resumo
As críticas recentes à teoria tradicional de gerenciamento de projetos resultaram em uma nova abordagem, denominada Gerenciamento Ágil (GAP). A dificuldade em investiga-la é que não há instrumentos de pesquisa capazes de distinguir sua aplicação em organização ou projeto, o que impede correlação com desempenho. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo identificar diferenças críticas capazes de caracterizar o uso do GAP. Iniciou-se com uma revisão bibliográfica sistemática para identificar práticas recomendadas em cada abordagem, decompostas em ações, técnicas e ferramentas. Elas foram comparadas entre si e com ações observadas in loco em dois estudos de caso, incorporados, de empresas com excelência reconhecida no uso de cada abordagem: ágil e tradicional. O resultado foi a identificação de seis características críticas que diferenciam o uso de uma ou outra abordagem. Elas podem ser utilizadas para a elaboração de instrumentos de pesquisa, aumentando a precisão da identificação das abordagens em campo: uma contribuição para que o desempenho do GAP possa ser cientificamente verificado.
Palavras-chave
Administração de projetos. Metodologia do projeto de produtos. Gerenciamento ágil de projetos. Práticas de gerenciamento de projetos.
Abstract
The project management (PM) theory has been criticized, resulting in a new approach known as the Agile Project Management (APM) approach. The assessment of these two approaches is challenging due to the lack of parameters that are available to aid in distinguishing them from one another. The objective of this paper is to identify critical differences between project management practices that are capable of revealing the appropriate project management approach to be adopted by a company. First, a project management practices list was developed and classified according to each approach. Comparing practices that have originated from each approach made it possible to identify the difference regarding how the actions are performed, instead of what tools or techniques are used. Additionally, six main characteristics of project management actions were identified that make it possible to differentiate between the traditional or agile approach in use. This result can be very useful in future research as a guide in the development of more confident approach assessment instruments.
Keywords
Project management. Product design methodology. Agile project management. Project management practices.
References
Amaral, D. C., Conforto, E. C., Benassi, J. L. G., & Araujo, C. (2011). Gerenciamento ágil de projetos: aplicação em produtos inovadores. São Paulo: Saraiva.
Beck, K., Beedle, M., Bennekum, A. V., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., Grenning, J., Highsmith, J., Hunt, A., Jeffries, R., Kern, J., Marick, B., Martin, R. C., Mellor, S., Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J., & Thomas, D. (2001). Manifesto for agile software development. Retrieved from http://www.agilemanifesto.org.
Benassi, J. L. G., Ferreira Junior, L. D., & Amaral, D. C. (2011). Identificação das propriedades da visão do produto no gerenciamento ágil de projetos de produtos manufaturados. Produto & Produção, 13(1), 59-74.
Berggren, C., Järkvik, J., & Söderlund, J. (2008). Lagomizing, organic integration, and systems emergency wards: innovative practices in managing complex systems development projects. Project Management Journal, 39(1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20065
Besner, C., & Hobbs, B. (2006). The perceived value and potential contribution of project management practices to project success. Project Management Journal, 37(3), 37-49.
Besner, C., & Hobbs, B. (2008). Project Management Practice, Generic or Contextual : A Reality Check. Project Management Journal, 39(1), 16-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20033
Blair, G. M. (1993). Planning a project. Engineering Management Journal, 3(1), 15-21.
Blindenbach-Driessen, F., & Van Den Ende, J. (2010). Innovation management practices compared: the example of project-based firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 705-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2010.00746.x
Carden, L., & Egan, T. (2008). Does our literature support sectors newer to project management? The search for quality publications relevant to nontraditional industries. Project Management Journal, 39(3), 6-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20068
Carvalho, B. V., & Mello, C. H. P. (2012). Aplicação do método ágil scrum no desenvolvimento de produtos de software em uma pequena empresa de base tecnológica. Gestão & Produção, 19(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-530X2012000300009
Chicarino, G. Z. (2005). O uso do Mind Map como ferramenta de gestão de projetos em áreas de consultoria e desenvolvimento de negócios e produtos (Dissertação de mestrado). Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Chin, G. (2004). Agile Project Management: how to succeed in the face of changing project requirements. New York: Amacom.
Cohn, M. (2005). Agile Estimating and Planning. New York: Prentice Hall PTR.
Conforto, E. C., & Amaral, D. C. (2009). Applying agile project management approach to NDP: the case of a small technology-based enterprise. In Proceedings of the 16th International Product Development Management Conference, Enschede.
Conforto, E. C., & Amaral, D. C. (2010a). Evaluating an agile method for planning and controlling innovative projects. Project Management Journal, 41(2), 73-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20089
Conforto, E. C., & Amaral, D. C. (2010b). Agile project management and innovative product development: benefits and challenges of two companies from the Sao Carlos Tech Pole. In Proceedings of the POMS Annuals Conference, Vancouver.
Conforto, E. C., Amaral, D. C., & Silva, S. L. (2011). Roteiro para revisão bibliográfica sistemática: aplicação no desenvolvimento de produtos e gerenciamento de projetos. In Anais Congresso Brasileiro de Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, Porto Alegre.
Dawson, R., & Dawson, C. (1998). Practical proposals for managing uncertainty and risk in project planning. International Journal of Project Management, 16(5), 299-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(97)00059-8
Decarlo, D. (2004). Extreme Project Management: using leadership, principles, and tools to deliver value in the face of volatility. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Eder, S., Conforto, E. C., Schneltzler, J. P., Amaral, D. C., & Silva, S. L. (2012). Estudo das práticas de gerenciamento de projetos voltadas para desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores. Revista Produto & Produção, 13(1). Edição Especial CBGDP 2011.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Evans, S., & Jukes, S. (2000). Improving co-development through process alignment. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(8), 979-988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570010332980
Fernandez, D. J., & Fernandez, J. D. (2009). Agile project management - agilism versus traditional approaches. Journal of Computer Information Systems.
Fitsilis, P. (2008). Comparing PMBOK and agile project management software development processes. In S. Tarek (Org.), Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering (pp. 378-383). Neetherlands: Springer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8741-7_68
Ganguly, A., Nilchiani, R., & Farr, J. V. (2009). Evaluating agility in corporate enterprises. International Journal Production Economics, 118(2), 410-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2008.12.009
Hass, K. B. (2009). Managing complex projects: a new model. - A New ModelVienna: Managementconcepts.
Highsmith, J. (2004). Agile project management: creating innovative products. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Hodgson, D. (2002). Disciplining the professional: the case of project management. Journal of Management Studies, 39(6), 803-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00312
Kerzner, H. (2006). Gestão de Projetos: as melhores práticas (Tradução de Lene Belon Ribeiro). Porto Alegre: Bookman. PMCid:PMC2569293.
Kioppenborg, T., & Opfer, W. (2002). The current state of project management research: trends, interpretations and predictions. Project Management Journal, 33(2), 5-18.
Kolltveit, B., Karlsen, J., & Gronhaug, K. (2007). Perspectives on project management. International Journal of Project Management, 25(1), 3-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.12.002
Mafakheri, F., Nasiri, F., & Mousavi, M. (2008). Project Agility assessment: an integrated decision analysis approach. Production & Planning Control, 19(6), 567-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280802360884
Miguel, P. A. C. (Org.). (2010). Metodologia de pesquisa em engenharia de produção e gestão de operações. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier.
Murch, R. (2001). Project management: best practices for IT professionals. New York: Prentice Hall Professional.
Perminova, O., Gustafsson, M., & Wikström, K. (2008). Defining uncertainty in projects - a new perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 26(1), 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.08.005
Petersen, K., & Wohlin, C. (2010). The effect of moving from a plan-driven to an incremental software development approach with agile practices. Empirical Software Engineering, 15(6), 654-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10664-010-9136-6
Project Management Institute - PMI. (2008). Guia PMBOK: um guia do conjunto de conhecimentos do gerenciamento de projetos (4. ed.). Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute.
Qumer, A., & Henderson-Sellers, B. (2008). An evaluation of the degree of agility in six agile methods and its applicability for method engineering. Information and Software Technology, 50(3), 280-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.002
Rigby, D. (2001). Management tools and techniques: a survey. California Management Review, 43, 139-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166079
Salomo, S., Weise, J., & Gemunden, H. G. (2007). NPD planning activities and innovation performance: the mediating role of process management and the moderating effect of product innovativeness. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(4), 285-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00252.x
Sauser, B. J., Reilly, R. R., & Shenhar, A. J. (2009). Why projects fail? How contingency theory can provide new insights - a comparative analysis of NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter loss. International Journal of Project Management, 27, 665-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.01.004
Schwaber, K. (2004). Agile Project Management with Scrum. Washington: Microsoft Press.
Shenhar, A., & Dvir, D. (2007). Reinventing Project Management: the diamond approach to successful growth and innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. PMCid:PMC1951820.
Sibbet, D. (2010). Visual Meetings - How Graphics, sticky notes & iIdea mapping can transform group productivity. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. PMid:20197545.
Silva, E. L., & Menezes, E. M. (2005). Metodologia da pesquisa e elaboração de dissertação (4. ed.). Florianopolis: UFSC. Smith, P. G. (2007). Flexible Product Development - building agility for changing markets. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Thieme, R. J., Song, X. M., & Shin, G. C. (2003). Project management characteristics and new product survival. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20(2), 104-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.2002004
Thomke, S., & Reinertsen, D. (1998). Agile product development: managing development flexibility in uncertain environments. California Management Review, 41(1), 8-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165973
Turner, R., & Ledwith, A. (2010). Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises: Matching processes to the nature of the firm. International Journal of Project Management, 28(8), 744-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.06.005
Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., & Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operation management. International Journal of Operation & Production Management, 22(2), 195-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570210414329
Williams, T. (1999). The need for new paradigms for complex projects. International Journal of Project Management, 17(5), 269-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00047-7
White, D., & Fortune, J. (2002). Current practice in project management—An empirical study. International journal of project management, 20(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00029-6
Wysocki, R., & McGary, R. (2007). Effective Project Management: traditional, adaptive, extreme. Indiana: Wiley Publishing.
Yin, R. K. (2001). Estudo de caso: planejamento e métodos (Tradução de Daniel Grassi, 2nd ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
Beck, K., Beedle, M., Bennekum, A. V., Cockburn, A., Cunningham, W., Fowler, M., Grenning, J., Highsmith, J., Hunt, A., Jeffries, R., Kern, J., Marick, B., Martin, R. C., Mellor, S., Schwaber, K., Sutherland, J., & Thomas, D. (2001). Manifesto for agile software development. Retrieved from http://www.agilemanifesto.org.
Benassi, J. L. G., Ferreira Junior, L. D., & Amaral, D. C. (2011). Identificação das propriedades da visão do produto no gerenciamento ágil de projetos de produtos manufaturados. Produto & Produção, 13(1), 59-74.
Berggren, C., Järkvik, J., & Söderlund, J. (2008). Lagomizing, organic integration, and systems emergency wards: innovative practices in managing complex systems development projects. Project Management Journal, 39(1), 111-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20065
Besner, C., & Hobbs, B. (2006). The perceived value and potential contribution of project management practices to project success. Project Management Journal, 37(3), 37-49.
Besner, C., & Hobbs, B. (2008). Project Management Practice, Generic or Contextual : A Reality Check. Project Management Journal, 39(1), 16-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20033
Blair, G. M. (1993). Planning a project. Engineering Management Journal, 3(1), 15-21.
Blindenbach-Driessen, F., & Van Den Ende, J. (2010). Innovation management practices compared: the example of project-based firms. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 705-724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2010.00746.x
Carden, L., & Egan, T. (2008). Does our literature support sectors newer to project management? The search for quality publications relevant to nontraditional industries. Project Management Journal, 39(3), 6-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20068
Carvalho, B. V., & Mello, C. H. P. (2012). Aplicação do método ágil scrum no desenvolvimento de produtos de software em uma pequena empresa de base tecnológica. Gestão & Produção, 19(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-530X2012000300009
Chicarino, G. Z. (2005). O uso do Mind Map como ferramenta de gestão de projetos em áreas de consultoria e desenvolvimento de negócios e produtos (Dissertação de mestrado). Faculdade de Economia, Administração e Contabilidade, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.
Chin, G. (2004). Agile Project Management: how to succeed in the face of changing project requirements. New York: Amacom.
Cohn, M. (2005). Agile Estimating and Planning. New York: Prentice Hall PTR.
Conforto, E. C., & Amaral, D. C. (2009). Applying agile project management approach to NDP: the case of a small technology-based enterprise. In Proceedings of the 16th International Product Development Management Conference, Enschede.
Conforto, E. C., & Amaral, D. C. (2010a). Evaluating an agile method for planning and controlling innovative projects. Project Management Journal, 41(2), 73-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20089
Conforto, E. C., & Amaral, D. C. (2010b). Agile project management and innovative product development: benefits and challenges of two companies from the Sao Carlos Tech Pole. In Proceedings of the POMS Annuals Conference, Vancouver.
Conforto, E. C., Amaral, D. C., & Silva, S. L. (2011). Roteiro para revisão bibliográfica sistemática: aplicação no desenvolvimento de produtos e gerenciamento de projetos. In Anais Congresso Brasileiro de Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produtos, Porto Alegre.
Dawson, R., & Dawson, C. (1998). Practical proposals for managing uncertainty and risk in project planning. International Journal of Project Management, 16(5), 299-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(97)00059-8
Decarlo, D. (2004). Extreme Project Management: using leadership, principles, and tools to deliver value in the face of volatility. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
Eder, S., Conforto, E. C., Schneltzler, J. P., Amaral, D. C., & Silva, S. L. (2012). Estudo das práticas de gerenciamento de projetos voltadas para desenvolvimento de produtos inovadores. Revista Produto & Produção, 13(1). Edição Especial CBGDP 2011.
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14(4), 532-550.
Evans, S., & Jukes, S. (2000). Improving co-development through process alignment. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 20(8), 979-988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570010332980
Fernandez, D. J., & Fernandez, J. D. (2009). Agile project management - agilism versus traditional approaches. Journal of Computer Information Systems.
Fitsilis, P. (2008). Comparing PMBOK and agile project management software development processes. In S. Tarek (Org.), Advances in Computer and Information Sciences and Engineering (pp. 378-383). Neetherlands: Springer Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8741-7_68
Ganguly, A., Nilchiani, R., & Farr, J. V. (2009). Evaluating agility in corporate enterprises. International Journal Production Economics, 118(2), 410-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2008.12.009
Hass, K. B. (2009). Managing complex projects: a new model. - A New ModelVienna: Managementconcepts.
Highsmith, J. (2004). Agile project management: creating innovative products. Boston: Addison-Wesley.
Hodgson, D. (2002). Disciplining the professional: the case of project management. Journal of Management Studies, 39(6), 803-821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00312
Kerzner, H. (2006). Gestão de Projetos: as melhores práticas (Tradução de Lene Belon Ribeiro). Porto Alegre: Bookman. PMCid:PMC2569293.
Kioppenborg, T., & Opfer, W. (2002). The current state of project management research: trends, interpretations and predictions. Project Management Journal, 33(2), 5-18.
Kolltveit, B., Karlsen, J., & Gronhaug, K. (2007). Perspectives on project management. International Journal of Project Management, 25(1), 3-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.12.002
Mafakheri, F., Nasiri, F., & Mousavi, M. (2008). Project Agility assessment: an integrated decision analysis approach. Production & Planning Control, 19(6), 567-576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09537280802360884
Miguel, P. A. C. (Org.). (2010). Metodologia de pesquisa em engenharia de produção e gestão de operações. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier.
Murch, R. (2001). Project management: best practices for IT professionals. New York: Prentice Hall Professional.
Perminova, O., Gustafsson, M., & Wikström, K. (2008). Defining uncertainty in projects - a new perspective. International Journal of Project Management, 26(1), 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.08.005
Petersen, K., & Wohlin, C. (2010). The effect of moving from a plan-driven to an incremental software development approach with agile practices. Empirical Software Engineering, 15(6), 654-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10664-010-9136-6
Project Management Institute - PMI. (2008). Guia PMBOK: um guia do conjunto de conhecimentos do gerenciamento de projetos (4. ed.). Pennsylvania: Project Management Institute.
Qumer, A., & Henderson-Sellers, B. (2008). An evaluation of the degree of agility in six agile methods and its applicability for method engineering. Information and Software Technology, 50(3), 280-295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2007.02.002
Rigby, D. (2001). Management tools and techniques: a survey. California Management Review, 43, 139-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41166079
Salomo, S., Weise, J., & Gemunden, H. G. (2007). NPD planning activities and innovation performance: the mediating role of process management and the moderating effect of product innovativeness. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(4), 285-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5885.2007.00252.x
Sauser, B. J., Reilly, R. R., & Shenhar, A. J. (2009). Why projects fail? How contingency theory can provide new insights - a comparative analysis of NASA’s Mars Climate Orbiter loss. International Journal of Project Management, 27, 665-679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.01.004
Schwaber, K. (2004). Agile Project Management with Scrum. Washington: Microsoft Press.
Shenhar, A., & Dvir, D. (2007). Reinventing Project Management: the diamond approach to successful growth and innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. PMCid:PMC1951820.
Sibbet, D. (2010). Visual Meetings - How Graphics, sticky notes & iIdea mapping can transform group productivity. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons. PMid:20197545.
Silva, E. L., & Menezes, E. M. (2005). Metodologia da pesquisa e elaboração de dissertação (4. ed.). Florianopolis: UFSC. Smith, P. G. (2007). Flexible Product Development - building agility for changing markets. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Thieme, R. J., Song, X. M., & Shin, G. C. (2003). Project management characteristics and new product survival. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 20(2), 104-119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-5885.2002004
Thomke, S., & Reinertsen, D. (1998). Agile product development: managing development flexibility in uncertain environments. California Management Review, 41(1), 8-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/41165973
Turner, R., & Ledwith, A. (2010). Project management in small to medium-sized enterprises: Matching processes to the nature of the firm. International Journal of Project Management, 28(8), 744-755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2010.06.005
Voss, C., Tsikriktsis, N., & Frohlich, M. (2002). Case research in operation management. International Journal of Operation & Production Management, 22(2), 195-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570210414329
Williams, T. (1999). The need for new paradigms for complex projects. International Journal of Project Management, 17(5), 269-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00047-7
White, D., & Fortune, J. (2002). Current practice in project management—An empirical study. International journal of project management, 20(1), 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(00)00029-6
Wysocki, R., & McGary, R. (2007). Effective Project Management: traditional, adaptive, extreme. Indiana: Wiley Publishing.
Yin, R. K. (2001). Estudo de caso: planejamento e métodos (Tradução de Daniel Grassi, 2nd ed.). Porto Alegre: Bookman.
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