Treinamento ambiental em organizações com certificação ISO 14001: estudo de múltiplos casos e identificação de coevolução com a gestão ambiental
Environmental training in organizations with ISO 14001 certification: a multiple case study and identification of co-evolution with environmental management
Jabbour, Charbel José C.; Teixeira, Adriano Alves; Jabbour, Ana Beatriz L. de S.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132012005000047
Prod, vol.23, n1, p.80-94, 2013
Resumo
O objetivo desta pesquisa é compreender as características do treinamento ambiental em algumas empresas brasileiras. Para tanto, foram realizados nove estudos de caso com empresas certificadas pela norma ISO 14001, todas líderes em seu segmento de mercado. Foram conduzidas diversas entrevistas em cada caso, coletados documentos e realizadas visitas para observação direta. Como resultado, apresentam-se as classificações dos casos nos estágios evolutivos da gestão ambiental, os temas mais frequentes do treinamento ambiental, a diferenciação dos temas de treinamento ambiental segundo o nível hierárquico organizacional, a classificação das empresas segundo o nível de aderência às atividades de treinamento ambiental recomendadas pela literatura e as boas práticas de treinamento ambiental oferecidas pelas empresas. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa é a identificação de coevolução entre o estágio de gestão ambiental das organizações e o nível do treinamento ambiental que elas possuem.
Palavras-chave
Treinamento ambiental. Gestão ambiental. Green Human Resource Management. Sustentabilidade ambiental. Brasil.
Abstract
The objective of this research is to understand the characteristics of environmental training at some Brazilian companies. Nine case studies were carried out in firms certified by ISO 14001. These companies are leaders in their market segments. Several interviews were conducted in each case. Documents were collected and visits for direct observation were made. Results present the classification of companies in evolutionary stages of environmental management, the most common topics of the training environment, the differentiation of environmental training topics according to the hierarchical levels and the best practices offered on environmental training. The main contribution of this research is the identification of the co-evolution between the stage of corporate environmental management and the level of environmental training.
Keywords
Environmental training. Environmental management. Green human resource management. Environmental sustainability. Brazil.
References
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HALE, M. Training for environmental technologies and environmental management. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 3, n. 1-2, p. 19-23, 1995. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0959-6526(95)00060-R
HAMMER, B. Cleaner production training in Asia: experience from the ASEAN environmental impact project. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 7, p. 75-81, 1999. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0959-6526(98)00044-4
HUNT, C. B.; AUSTER, E. R. Proactive environmental management: avoiding the toxic trap. MIT Sloan Management Review, v. 31, n. 2, p. 7-18, 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION - ISO. ISO 10015/2001: Gestão da qualidade – Diretrizes para treinamento. Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION - ISO. ISO 14001/2004: Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Especificação e diretrizes para uso. Rio de Janeiro, 2004.
JABBOUR, A. B. L. S.; JABBOUR, C. J. C. Are supplier selection criteria going green? Case studies of companies in Brazil. Industrial Management & Data Systems, v. 109, n. 4, 477-489, 2009. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/02635570910948623
JABBOUR, C. J. C.; SANTOS, F. C. A. Relationships between human resource dimensions and environmental management in companies: proposal of a model. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 16, n. 1, p. 51-58, 2008. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.07.025
JABBOUR, C. J. C. Non-linear pathways of corporate environmental management: a survey of ISO 14001-certified companies in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, n. 12, p. 1222-1225, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.03.012
JABBOUR, C. J. C.; SANTOS, F. C. A.; NAGANO, M. S. Contributions of HRM throughout the stages of environmental management: methodological triangulation applied to companies in Brazil. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. . 21, n. 7, p. 1049-1089, 2010.
MARSHALL, M. E.; MAYER, D. W. Environmental training: It’s good business. Business Horizons, v. 35, n. 2, p. 54-57, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0007-6813(05)80197-1
MASSOUD, M. A. et al. Drivers, barriers and incentives to implementing environmental management systems in the food industry: a case from Lebanon. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, p. 200-219, 2010. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.09.022
MOLINA-AZORIN, J. F. et al. Green management and financial performance: a literature review. Management Decision, v. 47, n. 7, p. 1080-1100, 2009. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/00251740910978313
MULLER-CARMEM, M. et al. Green Human Resource Management. Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, v. 24, n. 1, p. 95-96, 2010.
O’BRIEN, C. 1999. Sustainable production - a new paradigm for a new millennium. International Journal of Production Economics, v. 60, n. 61, p. 1-7, 1999. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00126-1
PERRON, G. M.; CÔTE, R. P.; DUFFY, J. F. Improving environmental awareness training in business. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 14, n. 6-7, p. 551-562, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.006
PIGOSSO D. C. A. et al. Ecodesign methods focused on remanufacturing. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, p. 21-31, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2009.09.005
POTTING, J.; CURRAN, M.A.; BLOTTNITZ, H. From life cycle talking to taking action. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, v. 15, p. 326-329, 2010. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s11367-010-0167-4
REN, X. Cleaner production in China’s pulp and paper industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 6, p. 349‑355, 1998.
RENWICK, D.; REDMAN, T.; MAGUIRE, S. Green HRM: a review, process model, and a research agenda. University of Sheffield Management School, 2008. p. 1-32. (Working Paper Series, Discussion Paper, n. 2008.1).
SAMMALISTO, K.; BRORSON, T.; Training and communication in the implementation of environmental mangagement systems (ISO 14001): a case study at the University of Gävle, Sweden. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 16, n. 3, p. 299-309, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2006.07.029
ARKIS, J.; GONZALEZ-TORRE, P.; ADENSO-DIAZ, B. Stakeholder pressure and the adoption of environmental practices: the mediating effect of training. Journal of Operations Management, v. 28, p. 163-176, 2010. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.10.001
STONE, L. J. When case studies are not enough: the influence of corporate culture and employee attitudes on the success of cleaner production initiatives. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 8, n. 5, p. 353-359, 2000. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(00)00037-8
UNNIKRISHNAN, S.; HEDGE, D. S.Environmental training and cleaner production in Indian industry - A micro‑level study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 50, n. 4, p. 427-441, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. resconrec.2006.07.003
VOSS, C. et al. Case resarch in operations management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 22, n. 2, p. 195-219, 2002. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570210414329
AZZONE G.; BERTELE, U. Exploiting green strategies for competitive advantage. Long Range Planning, v. 27, n. 6, p. 69-81, 1994. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0024‑6301(94)90165-1
AZZONE, G.; BERTELÈ, U.; NOCI, G.; At last we are creating environmental strategies which work. Long Range Planning, v. 30, n. 4, p. 562-571, 1997. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0024-6301(97)00035-6
BEARD, C. Environmental training: emerging products. Industrial and Commercial Training, v. 28, n. 5, p. 18‑23, 1996. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/00197859610122072
BERRY, M. A.; RONDINELLI, D. A. Proactive environmental management: A new industrial revolution. The Academy of Management Executive, v. 12, n. 2, p. 38-50, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AME.1998.650515
BOIRAL, O. Global warming: should companies adopt a proactive strategy? Long Range Planning, v. 39, p. 315‑330, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. lrp.2006.07.002
BORRI, F.; BOCCALETTI, G. From total quality management to total quality environmental management. The TQM Magazine, v. 7, n. 5, p. 38-42, 1995. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/09544789510098614
BRÍO, J. A.; FERNÁNDEZ, E.; JUNQUERA, B. Management and employee involvement in achieving an environmental action-based competitive advantage: an empirical study. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 18, 4, p. 491-522, 2007. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/09585190601178687
BRÍO, J.A.; JUNQUERA, B.; ORDIZ, M. Human resources in advanced environmental approaches - a case analysis. International Journal of Production Research, v. 46, n. 21, p. 6029-6053, 2008. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/00207540701352094
CLOQUELL-BALLESTER, V. et al. Environmental education for small- and medium-sized enterprises: methodology and e-learning in the Valencian region. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 87, p. 507-520, 2008. PMid:17395365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jenvman.2007.01.041
COLE, M. A.; ELLIOTT, R. J. R.; STROBL, E. The environmental performance of firms: The role of foreign ownership, training, and experience. Ecological Economics, v. 65, p. 538-546, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ecolecon.2007.07.025
DAILY, B.; HUANG, S. Achieving sustainability through attention to human resource factors in environmental management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 21, n. 12, p. 1539-1552, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570110410892
DAILY, B. F.; BISHOP, J.; STEINER R. The Mediating Role of EMS Teamwork as it pertains to HR Factors and Perceived Environmental Performance. Journal of Applied Business Research, v. 23, n. 1, p. 95-109, 2007.
EISENHARDT, K. M. Building theories from case study research. The Academy of Management Review, v. 14, n. 4, p. 532-550, 1989.
FERNÁNDEZ, E.; JUNQUERA, B.; ORDIZ, M. Organizational culture and human resources in the environmental issue: a review of literature. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. 14, n. 4, p. 634-656, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958519032000057628
GONZÁLES-BENITO, J.; GONZÁLES-BENITO, O. A review of de determinant factors of environmental proactivity. Business Strategy and the Environment, v. 15, n. 2, p. 87-102, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bse.450
GOVINDARAJULU, N.; DAILY, B. F. Motivating employees for environmental improvement. Industrial Management & Data Systems, v. 104, n. 4, p. 364-372, 2004. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/02635570410530775
HADEN, S. S. P.; OYLER, J. D.; HUMPHREYS, J. H. Historical, practical, and theoretical perspectives on green management: An exploratory analysis. Management Decision, v. 47, n. 7, p. 1041-55, 2009. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/00251740910978287
HALE, M. Training for environmental technologies and environmental management. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 3, n. 1-2, p. 19-23, 1995. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0959-6526(95)00060-R
HAMMER, B. Cleaner production training in Asia: experience from the ASEAN environmental impact project. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 7, p. 75-81, 1999. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0959-6526(98)00044-4
HUNT, C. B.; AUSTER, E. R. Proactive environmental management: avoiding the toxic trap. MIT Sloan Management Review, v. 31, n. 2, p. 7-18, 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION - ISO. ISO 10015/2001: Gestão da qualidade – Diretrizes para treinamento. Rio de Janeiro, 2001.
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION - ISO. ISO 14001/2004: Sistema de Gestão Ambiental. Especificação e diretrizes para uso. Rio de Janeiro, 2004.
JABBOUR, A. B. L. S.; JABBOUR, C. J. C. Are supplier selection criteria going green? Case studies of companies in Brazil. Industrial Management & Data Systems, v. 109, n. 4, 477-489, 2009. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/02635570910948623
JABBOUR, C. J. C.; SANTOS, F. C. A. Relationships between human resource dimensions and environmental management in companies: proposal of a model. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 16, n. 1, p. 51-58, 2008. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.07.025
JABBOUR, C. J. C. Non-linear pathways of corporate environmental management: a survey of ISO 14001-certified companies in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, n. 12, p. 1222-1225, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.03.012
JABBOUR, C. J. C.; SANTOS, F. C. A.; NAGANO, M. S. Contributions of HRM throughout the stages of environmental management: methodological triangulation applied to companies in Brazil. International Journal of Human Resource Management, v. . 21, n. 7, p. 1049-1089, 2010.
MARSHALL, M. E.; MAYER, D. W. Environmental training: It’s good business. Business Horizons, v. 35, n. 2, p. 54-57, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0007-6813(05)80197-1
MASSOUD, M. A. et al. Drivers, barriers and incentives to implementing environmental management systems in the food industry: a case from Lebanon. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, p. 200-219, 2010. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.09.022
MOLINA-AZORIN, J. F. et al. Green management and financial performance: a literature review. Management Decision, v. 47, n. 7, p. 1080-1100, 2009. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/00251740910978313
MULLER-CARMEM, M. et al. Green Human Resource Management. Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, v. 24, n. 1, p. 95-96, 2010.
O’BRIEN, C. 1999. Sustainable production - a new paradigm for a new millennium. International Journal of Production Economics, v. 60, n. 61, p. 1-7, 1999. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00126-1
PERRON, G. M.; CÔTE, R. P.; DUFFY, J. F. Improving environmental awareness training in business. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 14, n. 6-7, p. 551-562, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.006
PIGOSSO D. C. A. et al. Ecodesign methods focused on remanufacturing. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 18, p. 21-31, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2009.09.005
POTTING, J.; CURRAN, M.A.; BLOTTNITZ, H. From life cycle talking to taking action. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, v. 15, p. 326-329, 2010. http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s11367-010-0167-4
REN, X. Cleaner production in China’s pulp and paper industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 6, p. 349‑355, 1998.
RENWICK, D.; REDMAN, T.; MAGUIRE, S. Green HRM: a review, process model, and a research agenda. University of Sheffield Management School, 2008. p. 1-32. (Working Paper Series, Discussion Paper, n. 2008.1).
SAMMALISTO, K.; BRORSON, T.; Training and communication in the implementation of environmental mangagement systems (ISO 14001): a case study at the University of Gävle, Sweden. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 16, n. 3, p. 299-309, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. jclepro.2006.07.029
ARKIS, J.; GONZALEZ-TORRE, P.; ADENSO-DIAZ, B. Stakeholder pressure and the adoption of environmental practices: the mediating effect of training. Journal of Operations Management, v. 28, p. 163-176, 2010. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.10.001
STONE, L. J. When case studies are not enough: the influence of corporate culture and employee attitudes on the success of cleaner production initiatives. Journal of Cleaner Production, v. 8, n. 5, p. 353-359, 2000. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-6526(00)00037-8
UNNIKRISHNAN, S.; HEDGE, D. S.Environmental training and cleaner production in Indian industry - A micro‑level study. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, v. 50, n. 4, p. 427-441, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. resconrec.2006.07.003
VOSS, C. et al. Case resarch in operations management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 22, n. 2, p. 195-219, 2002. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570210414329