Aplicação preliminar do método QRAM para avaliação de riscos para segurança ocupacional na construção civil
Preliminary application of QRAM method for safety risk assessment in civil construction
Pinto, Abel; Nunes, Isabel; Ribeiro, Rita; Paschoarelli, Luis Carlos
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132012005000039
Prod, vol.23, n2, p.375-386, 2013
Resumo
A segurança ocupacional é imprescindível na indústria da construção civil e a análise e avaliação de riscos para a segurança ocupacional (AARSO) é o primeiro e fundamental passo para alcançá-la, baseado na definição e implementação de programas de prevenção. A AARSO é um processo complexo, que implica a consideração e análise de muitos parâmetros quantitativos e/ou qualitativos que são difíceis de quantificar. As metodologias AARSO utilizadas na indústria da construção civil são baseadas em informação sujeita a incerteza (sendo tratada por técnicas probabilísticas e/ou estatísticas), difusa, imprecisa e/ou incompleta. Isso implica algumas limitações, como, por exemplo, obrigar os analistas a estimar parâmetros ou efetuar comparações com outros canteiros de obras (o que afasta do sistema real em estudo). O objetivo inicial deste estudo foi efetuar a pré-validação de um método AARSO, o QRAM, em duas cidades brasileiras, de médio e grande porte.
Palavras-chave
Avaliação de risco. Segurança ocupacional. Conjuntos difusos. Indústria da construção. Validação
Abstract
Risk Assessment for Health and Safety (RAH&S) of workers is a complex task that involves the consideration of many parameters that are, quite often, difficult to quantify. RAH&S in the construction industry is filled with inadequate data and/or imprecise and incomplete information, particularly in the design stage - to which traditional quantitative approaches do not have adequate answers. This study outlines the basic aspects for a Qualitative Risk Assessment Model (QRAM) based on elicited data, using fuzzy logic approach. The model was pre-validated in two Brazilian municipalities: Bauru, in the State of Sao Paulo, and Curitiba, in the State of Parana.
Keywords
Risk assessment. Occupational safety. Fuzzy sets. Construction industry. Validation
References
ABDELHAMID, J. G. Identifying root cause of construction accidents. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, v.1, n.126, p.52-60, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/ASCE)0733-9364(2000)126:1(52)
AKINTOYE, A. S.; MAcLEOD, M. J. Risk analysis and management in construction. International Journal of Management, v.1, n.15, p.31-38, 1997.
ANDERSSON, L. A new method based on the theory of fuzzy sets to obtaining an indication of risk. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, v.3, n.3, p.164-174, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02630258608970440
APELAND, S.; AVEN, T.; NILSEN, T. Quantifying uncertainty under a predictive, epistemic approach to risk analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, v.75, p.93-102, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(01)00122-3
AVEN, T. Foundations of Risk Analysis. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003. 190 p. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470871245
AZADEH, A. et al. Design and implementation of a fuzzy expert system for performance assessment of an integrated health, safety, environment (HSE) and ergonomics system: The case of a gas refinery. Information Sciences,v.178, p.4280-4300. 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2008.06.026
BELLMAN, R. E.; ZADEH, L. A. Decision-Making in a Fuzzy Environment. Management Science, v. 17, p. B141-B164, 1970.
CAMBRAIS, F. B.; SAURIN, T. A.; FORMOSO, C. T. Planejamento e controle integrado entre segurança e produção em processos críticos na construção civil. Produção, v. 18, n. 3, p. 479-492, 2008.
CARR, V.; TAH, J. H. M. A fuzzy approach to construction project risk assessment and analysis: construction project management risk systems. Advances in Engineering Software, v. 32, p. 847-857, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0965-9978(01)00036-9
CHOUDHRY, M.; FANG, D.; MOHAMED, S. The nature of safety culture: A survey of the state-of-the-art. Safety Science, v. 45, p. 993-1012, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2006.09.003
COOPER, D. F. et al. Project risk management guidelines: managing risk in large projects and complex procurements. Chichester,John Wiley & Sons, p. 384, 2006.
CORNELL, M. E. P. Uncertainties in risk analysis: Six levels of treatment. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, v. 54, p. 95-111, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(96)00067-1
CORREA, C. R. P.; CARDOSO JUNIOR, M. M. Análise e classificação dos fatores humanos nos acidentes industriais. Produção, v. 17, n. 1, p. 186-198, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132007000100013
DAGDEVIREN, M.; IHSAN, Y. Developing a fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model for behavior-based safety management. Information Sciences, v. 178, p. 1717-1733; 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ins.2007.10.016
DEDOBBELEER, N.; BELAND, F. A Safety Climate Measure for Construction Sites. Journal of Safety Research, v. 22, p. 97-103, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(91)90017-P
DONG, X. et al. Medical Costs and Sources of Payment for Work-Related Injuries Among Hispanic Construction Workers. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, v. 12, n. 49, p. 1367-1375, 2007. PMid:18231083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0b013e31815796a8
DUARTE, F. J. C. M.; CORDEIRO, C. V. C. A etapa de execução da obra: um momento de decisões. Produção, v. 9, numero especial, p. 5-27, 1999.
FABER, M. H.; STEWART, M. G. Risk assessment for civil engineering facilities: critical overview and discussion. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, v. 80, p. 173-184, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(03)00027-9
FREJ, T. A.; ALENCAR, L. A. Fatores de sucesso no gerenciamento de múltiplos projetos na construção civil em Recife. Produção, v. 20, n. 3, p. 322-334, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132010005000043
GILLEN, M. et al. Injury severity associated with nonfatal construction falls. American Journal of Medicine, n. 32, p. 647-655, 1997.
GUERRINI, F. M.; VERGNA, J. R. G. Um modelo de atores e recursos para redes de cooperação entre empresas em obras de edificações. Produção, v. 21, n. 1, p. 14-26, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132011005000009
GULDENMUND, F. W. The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research. Safety Science, v. 34, n. 1-3, p. 215-257, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(00)00014-X
GURCANLI, G. E.; MUNGEN, U. An occupational safety risk analysis method at construction sites using fuzzy sets. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, v. 39, p. 371-387, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2008.10.006
HAMMER, W.; PRICE, D. Occupational Safety Management and Engineering. 5. ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Editors, 2001. 603 p.
HANSON, J. P.; REDFERN, M. S.; MAZUMDAR, M. Predicting slips and falls considering required and available friction. Ergonomics, v. 42, n. 12, p. 1619-1633, 1999. PMid:10643404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/001401399184712
HOLLNAGEL, E. Risk + barriers = safety? Safety Science, v. 46, p. 221-229, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.06.028
HYOUNG, J. et al. The characteristics of fatal occupational injuries in Korea's construction industry, 1997-2004. Safety Science, v. 47, n. 8, p. 1159-1162, 2009.
INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE ESTATÍSTICA - INE. Statistical Yearbook of Portugal 2007. Lisboa, 2008. 622 p.
KANGARI, R.; RIGGS, L. S. Construction Risk Assessment by Linguistics. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, v. 36, n. 2, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.18829
KARWOWSKI, W.; MITAL, A. Potential Applications of Fuzzy Sets in Industrial Safety Engineering. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, v. 19, p. 105-120, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0114(86)90031-X
KENTEL, E.; ARAL, M. M. Probabilistic-fuzzy health risk modelling. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, v. 18, p. 324-338, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00477-004-0187-3
LAITINEN, H.; MARJAMAKI, M.; PAIVARINTA, K. The validity of the TR safety observation method on building construction. Accident Analysis and Prevention, v. 31, p. 463-472, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(98)00084-0
LANDEWEERD, J. A. et al. Risk taking tendency among construction workers. Journal of Occupational Accidents, v. 11, p. 183-196, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6349(90)90028-T
LEE, S.; HALPIN D. W. Predictive Tool for Estimating Accident Risk. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, v. 129, n. 4, p. 431-436, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2003)129:4(431)
LIU, J. et al. Fuzzy Rule-Based Evidential Reasoning Approach for Safety Analysis. International Journal of General Systems, v. 33, n. 2-3, p. 183-204, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081070310001633536
LOOSEMORE, M.; LEE, P. Communication problems with ethnic minorities in construction industry. International Journal of Project Management, v. 20, p. 517-524, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00055-2
LOOSEMORE, M. et al. Risk Management in Projects. 2. ed. London: Taylor & Francis, 2006. 260 p.
Michael C. Kahn, Achieving credibility in risk assessment models. Toxicology Letters, v. 79, p. 107-114, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03362-O
McCAULEY-BELL, P.; BADIRU, A. Fuzzy Modeling and Analytic Hierarchy Processing to Quantify Risk Levels Associated with Occupational Injuries Part I: The Development of Fuzzy Linguistic Risk Levels. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, 1996.
MEARNS, K. J.; FLIN, R. Assessing the state of organizational safety - culture or climate? Current Psychology, v. 18, n. 1, p. 5-17, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-999-1013-3
MELIÁ, J. L. et al. Safety climate responses and the perceived risk of accidents in the construction industry. Safety Science, v. 46, n. 6, p. 949-958, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2007.11.004
MURE, S.; DEMICHELA, M.; PICCININI, N. Assessment of the risk of occupational accidents using a fuzzy approach. Cognition, Technology & Work, v. 8, p. 103-112, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10111-005-0025-5
NILSEN, T.; AVEN, T. Models and model uncertainty in the context of risk analysis. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, v. 79, 309-317, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0951-8320(02)00239-9
NUNES, I. L. Modelo de sistema pericial difuso para apoio à análise ergonómica de postos de trabalho. 2003. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Mecânica e Industrial)-Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Almada, Portugal, 2003.
NUNES, I. L. Fuzzy Multicriteria Model for Ergonomic workplace analysis and Risk analysis. In: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: COMPUTER-AIDED ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY - CAES'05, 2005, Kosice, Slovak Republic. Proceedings... Kosice, 2005.
OKE, S. A. et al. A fuzzy safety control framework for oil platforms. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, v. 23, n. 5, p. 564-582, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656710610664613
PENDER, S. Managing incomplete knowledge: Why risk management is not sufficient. International Journal of Project Management, v. 19, p. 79-87, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00052-6
RINGDAHL, L. H. Safety Analysis principles and practice in occupational safety. 2. ed. London: Taylor & Francis, 2001. 294 p.
RINGEN, K. et al. Why construction is different. Occupational Medicine, v. 19, n. 2, p. 255-259, 1995.
RU, W. G.; ELOFF, J. H. P. Risk analysis modelling with the use of fuzzy logic. Computers & Security, v. 15, n. 3, p. 239-248, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-4048(96)00008-9
SAURIN, T. A. Segurança no trabalho e desenvolvimento de produto: diretrizes para integração na construção civil. Produção, v. 15, n. 1, p. 127-141, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132005000100011
SAURIN, T. A.; RIBEIRO, J. L. D. Segurança no trabalho em um canteiro de obras: percepções dos operários e da gerência. Produção, v. 10, n. 1, p. 05-17, 2000.
SAWACHA, E.; NAOUM, S.; FONG, D. Factors affecting safety performance on construction sites. International Journal of Project Management, v. 17, n. 5, p. 309-315, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(98)00042-8
SII, H. S.; WANG, J.; RUXTON, T. Novel risk assessment techniques for maritime safety management system. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, v. 18, n. 8-9, p. 982-999, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02656710110407145
SILVERSTEIN, B. et al. Claims incidence of work-related disorders of the upper extremities: Washington state, 1993-1999. American Journal of Public Health, v. 88, p. 1827-1833, 1998. PMid:9842381. PMCid:1509055. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.88.12.1827
TAM, C. M.; ZENG, S. X.; DENG, Z. M. Identifying elements of poor construction safety management in China. Safety Science, v. 42, p. 569-586, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2003.09.001
TIXIER, J. et al. Review of 62 risk analysis methodologies of industrial plants. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, v. 15, p. 291-303, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(02)00008-6
TRBOJEVIC, V. M. Optimising hazard management by workforce engagement and supervision. London: Health and Safety Executive, 2008. 92 p. Research Report RR637.
WANG, H.; MCCAULEY-BELL, P. Fuzzy regression analysis to predict risk of occupational injuries. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, v. 92, n. 3, p. 317-340, 1997.
YANG, Z.; BONSALL, S.; WANG, J. Fuzzy Rule-Based Bayesian Reasoning Approach for Prioritization of Failures in FMEA. IEEE Transactions on Reliability, v. 57, n. 3, p. 517-528, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TR.2008.928208
ZADEH, L. A. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control, v. 8, p. 338-353, 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
ZADEH, L. A. Linguistic variables, approximate reasoning and dispositions. Informatics for Health and Social Care, v. 8, n. 3, p. 173-186, 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/14639238309016081
ZADEH, L. A. PRUF-a meaning representation language for natural languages. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, v. 10, p. 395-460, 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7373(78)80003-0
ZADEH, L. A. Test-score semantics as a basis for a computational approach to the representation of meaning. Literary & Linguistic Computing, v. 1 p. 24-35, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/1.1.24
ZIMMERMAN, H. J. Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications. 2. ed. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993. 399 p.
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email