Uma investigação sobre a relação entre o projeto do produto e produção em uma montadora automotiva e fornecedores de motores que adotam a modularidade
An investigation of product design and production in an automotive assembler and engine suppliers that adopt modularity
Rodrigues, Edilson Alves; Carnevalli, José Antonio; Miguel, Paulo Augusto C.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132012005000019
Prod, vol.22, n3, p.367-379, 2012
Resumo
A modularidade pode ser entendida como um conjunto de conceitos que leva a novas possibilidades de arquitetura de produto, bem como novas maneiras de organização da produção, possibilitando a transferência de atividades ao longo da cadeia de suprimentos automotiva. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o emprego da modularidade no projeto de produto e na produção, considerando uma situação de relação específica entre uma montadora de veículos comerciais e fornecedores de motores, no âmbito do consórcio modular. É também analisada a relação entre a modularidade no projeto de produto e na produção. Para a consecução desses objetivos é adotada a abordagem metodológica de estudo de caso. Os resultados apresentam algumas influências que ocorrem entre o projeto do produto e a produção e vice-versa, uma parte delas esperadas, reforçando o caráter confirmatório dos dados coletados. Constata-se que o conceito de modularidade pode ser aplicado ao processo produtivo sem necessariamente que o produto tenha sido concebido em módulos, ou seja, a partir de um produto existente é possível montar seus componentes formando subconjuntos em uma lógica modular. Os dados confirmam ainda que a estrutura do produto de um veículo comercial favorece a sua divisão em módulos. Adicionalmente, a gestão da cadeia de suprimentos na montadora é simplificada em comparação ao sistema de produção convencional, pois parte das responsabilidades da montadora é transferida para os fornecedores.
Palavras-chave
Modularidade. Indústria automobilística. Projeto de produto. Desenvolvimento do produto.
Abstract
Modularity can be understood as a set of concepts that leads to new product architecture and production organization. This enables the transference of value-added activities throughout the automotive supply chain. In this context, the aim of this paper is to investigate modularity adoption in product design and in production by considering a specific situation of the relationship between a commercial vehicle assembler and engine suppliers. In order to fulfil those objectives, a case-based research was employed as the methodological approach. The results presented some influences that occur between product design and production and vice-versa - part of them were expected. This reinforces the confirmatory nature of the empirical data. The modularity concept may be applied to a productive process not necessarily designed in modules, i.e. it is possible to assemble components as from an existing product, resulting in sub-sets in a modular logic. Data also confirmed that the product architecture of a commercial vehicle favours product division in modules. Moreover, the supply chain management is simplified compared to the traditional production system, as part of the responsibilities is transferred to the suppliers.
Keywords
Modularity. Automotive industry. Product design. Product development.
References
ARNHEITER, E. D.; HARREN, H. A typology to unleash the potential of modularity. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, v. 16, n. 7, p. 699-711, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410380510619923
ARNHEITER, E. D.; HARREN, H. Quality management in a modular world. The TQM Magazine, v. 18, n. 1, p. 87-96, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09544780610637712
ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DOS FABRICANTES DE VEÍCULOS AUTOMOTORES - ANFAVEA. Anuário da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira. São Paulo: AutoData, 2009. Brazil Automotive Guide.
BALDWIN, C. Y.; CLARK, K. B. Managing in an age of modularity. Harvard Business Review, v. 75, n. 5, p. 84-93, 1997.
BALDWIN, C. Y., CLARK, K. B. Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
BLEES, C.; KRAUSE, D. On the development of modular product structure: a differentiated approach. In: INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CONFERENCE, 2008, Dubronik. Proceedings... Dubronik, Croatia, 2008.
CAUCHICK MIGUEL, P. A. Estudo de caso na engenharia de produção: estruturação e recomendações para sua condução. Produção, v. 17, n. 1, p. 216-229, 2007.
CAUCHICK MIGUEL, P. A.; PIRES, S. R. I. A case study on modularity in product development and production within the auto industry. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 6, n. 3, p. 315-330, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2006.012123
CHEN, K. M.; LIU, R. J. Interface strategies in modular product innovation. Technovation, v. 25, p. 771-782, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.01.013
CHESBROUGH, H. W.; TEECE, D. J. When is virtual virtuous? Organizing for innovation. Harvard Business Review, n. 74, p. 65-73, 1996.
COLLINS, R.; BECHLER, K.; PIRES, S. Outsourcing in the automotive industry: from JIT to modular consortia. European Management Journal, v. 15, n. 5, p. 498-508, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(97)00030-3
DANESE, P.; ROMANO, P. Improving inter-functional coordination to face high product variety and frequent modifications. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 24, n. 9, p. 863-885, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570410552090
DORAN, D. Supplying on a modular basis: an examination of strategic issues. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, v. 35, n. 9, p. 654-663, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030510632023
DORAN, D. Supply Chain management. Rethinking the supply chain: an automotive perspective. Supply Chain Management: an International Journal, v. 9, n. 1, p. 102-109, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540410517610
DORAN, D.; HILL, A. A review of modular strategies and architecture within manufacturing operations. Journal of Automobile Engineering, v. 223, p. 65-75, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070JAUTO822
FREDRIKSSON, P. Cooperation and conflict in modular production and supplier parks: the case of Volvo cars modular assembly system. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 6, n. 3, p. 298-314, 2006a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2006.012122
FREDRIKSSON, P. Mechanisms and rationales for coordination of a modular assembly system: the case of Volvo cars. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 26, n. 4, p. 350-370, 2006b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570610650530
FRIGANT, V.; LUNG, Y. Geographical proximity and supplying relationships in modular production. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 26, n. 4, p. 742-755, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00415
GIL, A. C. Estudo de caso: fundamentação científica, subsídios para coleta e análise de dados, como redigir o relatório. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 2009.
HOEK, R. I. V.; WEKEN, H. A. M. The impact of modular production on the dynamics of supply chains. The International Journal of Logistics Management, v. 9, n. 2, p. 35-50, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574099810805825
KOTLER, P. A framework for marketing management. 2. ed. New Jersew: Pearson Education International, 2003.
KRISHNAN, V.; GUPTA, S. Appropriateness and impact of platform-based product development. Management Science, v. 47, n. 1, p. 52-68, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.47.1.52.10665
LAU ANTONIO, K. W.; YAM, R. C. M; TANG, E. The impacts of product modularity on competitive capabilities and performance: an empirical study. International Journal Production Economics, v. 105, p. 1-20, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.02.002
LUNG, Y. et al. Coping with variety: flexible productive systems for product variety in the auto industry. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
MARCONI, M. D. A.; LAKATOS, E. M. Técnicas de pesquisa: planejamento e execução de pesquisas, amostragens e técnicas de pesquisas, elaboração, análise e interpretação de dados. 7. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2008.
MARX, R.; ZILBOVICIUS, M.; SALERNO, M. S. The modular consortium in a new VW truck plant in Brazil: new forms of assembler and supplier relationship. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, v. 8, n. 5, p. 292-298, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576069710179742
MIKKOLA, J. H. Modularity, component outsourcing, and inter-firm learning. R&D Management, v. 33, n. 4, p. 449-454, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00309
MONDRAGON, C. E. C.; MONDRAGON, A. E. C.; MILLER, R. Modularity, open architecture and innovation: an automotive perspective. International Journal of Automotive Technology Management, v. 6, n. 3, p. 346-363, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2006.012125
PANDREMENOS, J. et al. Modularity concepts for the automotive industry: a critical review. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, v. 1, n. 3, p. 148-152, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.012
PERSSON, M. The impact of organizational functions on modular structure: experiences from the Volvo car corporation. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 4, n. 1, p. 22-39, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2004.004394
PERSSON, M.; AHLSTRÖM, P. Managerial issues in modularizing complex products. Technovation, v. 26, p. 1201-1209, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2005.09.020
PILLER, F. T.; WARINGER, D. Modularisierung in der Automobilindustrie - neue Form und Prinzi - pien. Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 1999.
PIRES, S. R. I. Managerial implications of the modular consortium model in a Brazilian automotive plant. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 18, n. 3, p. 221-232, 1998.
PIRES, S. R. I; CARDOZA, G. A study of new supply chain management practices in the Brazilian and Spanish auto industries. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 7, n. 1, p. 72-87, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2007.013384
PRIETO, E.; CAUCHICK MIGUEL, P. A. Adoção da estratégia modular por empresas do setor automotivo e as implicações relativas à transferência de atividades no desenvolvimento de produto: um estudo de casos múltiplos. Gestão & Produção, v. 18, n. 2, p. 425-442, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-530X2011000200015
RACHID, A. et al. Organização do trabalho na cadeia de suprimentos: os casos de uma planta modular e de uma tradicional na indústria automobilística. Produção, v. 16, n. 2, p. 189-202, 2006.
RAMDAS, K. Managing product variety: an integrative review and research directions. Product and Operations Management, v. 12, n. 1, p. 79-102, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2003.tb00199.x
ROZENFELD, H. et al. Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produto: uma referência para a melhoria do processo. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2006.
SACOMANO NETO, M.; PIRES, S. R. I. Organização da produção, desempenho e inovações na cadeia de suprimentos da indústria automobilística brasileira. Revista de Ciências da Administração, v. 9, n. 19, p. 34-53, 2007.
SAKO, M.; MURRAY, F. Modules in design, production and use: implications for the global automotive industry. In: GERPISA INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM, 2000, Paris. Proceedings... Paris, 2000.
SAKO, M., MURRAY, F. Modular strategies in cars and computers. Financial Times, 1999.
SALERNO, M. S. The characteristics and the role of modularity in the automotive business. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 1, n. 1, p. 92-107, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2001.000029
SALERNO, M. S.; CAMARGO, O. S.; LEMOS, M. B. Modularity ten years after: an evaluation of the Brazilian experience. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 8, n. 4, p. 373-381, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2008.020309
SALERNO, M. S. et al. The importance of locally commanded design for the consolidation of local supply chain: the concept of design headquarters. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, v. 16, n. 4, p. 361-376, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2009.023753
SALERNO, M. S. et al. Mapeamento da nova configuração da cadeia automotiva. São Paulo, 2001. Pesquisa de desenvolvimento junto ao BNDES.
SANCHEZ, R. Using modularity to manage the interactions of technical and industrial design. Design Management Journal, v. 2, p. 8-19, 2002.
SANCHEZ, R.; COLLINS, R. P. Competing and learning in modular markets. Long Range Planning, v. 34, n. 6, p. 645-667, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00099-1
SANCHEZ, R.; MAHONEY, J. T. Modularity, flexibility and knowledge management in product and organizational design. Strategic Management Journal, v. 17, p. 63-76, 1996.
TAKEISHI, A.; FUJIMOTO, T. Modularisation in the auto industry: interlinked multiple hierarchies of product, production and supplier systems. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 1, n. 4, p. 379-396, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2001.000047
ULRICH, K. T. The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm. Research policy, v. 24, n. 3, p. 419-440, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)00775-3
ULRICH, K. T.; EPPINGER, S. D. Product design and development. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.
ULRICH, K. T.; TUNG, K. Fundamentals of product modularity.In: ASME WINTER ANNUAL MEETING SYMPOSIUM ON ISSUES IN DESIGN/MANUFACTURING INTEGRATION, 1991, Atlanta. Proceedings... Atlanta: ASME, 1991.
WORREN, N.; MOORE, K.; CARDONA, P. Modularity, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: a study of the home appliance industry. Strategic Management Journal, v. 23, p. 1123-1140, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.276
WU, L.; DE MATTA, R.; LOWE, T. J. Updating a modular product: how to set time to market and component quality. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, v. 56, n. 2, p. 298-311, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2008.2005065
YIN, R. K. Estudo de Caso: planejamento e métodos. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2005.
ARNHEITER, E. D.; HARREN, H. Quality management in a modular world. The TQM Magazine, v. 18, n. 1, p. 87-96, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09544780610637712
ASSOCIAÇÃO NACIONAL DOS FABRICANTES DE VEÍCULOS AUTOMOTORES - ANFAVEA. Anuário da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira. São Paulo: AutoData, 2009. Brazil Automotive Guide.
BALDWIN, C. Y.; CLARK, K. B. Managing in an age of modularity. Harvard Business Review, v. 75, n. 5, p. 84-93, 1997.
BALDWIN, C. Y., CLARK, K. B. Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000.
BLEES, C.; KRAUSE, D. On the development of modular product structure: a differentiated approach. In: INTERNATIONAL DESIGN CONFERENCE, 2008, Dubronik. Proceedings... Dubronik, Croatia, 2008.
CAUCHICK MIGUEL, P. A. Estudo de caso na engenharia de produção: estruturação e recomendações para sua condução. Produção, v. 17, n. 1, p. 216-229, 2007.
CAUCHICK MIGUEL, P. A.; PIRES, S. R. I. A case study on modularity in product development and production within the auto industry. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 6, n. 3, p. 315-330, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2006.012123
CHEN, K. M.; LIU, R. J. Interface strategies in modular product innovation. Technovation, v. 25, p. 771-782, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2004.01.013
CHESBROUGH, H. W.; TEECE, D. J. When is virtual virtuous? Organizing for innovation. Harvard Business Review, n. 74, p. 65-73, 1996.
COLLINS, R.; BECHLER, K.; PIRES, S. Outsourcing in the automotive industry: from JIT to modular consortia. European Management Journal, v. 15, n. 5, p. 498-508, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-2373(97)00030-3
DANESE, P.; ROMANO, P. Improving inter-functional coordination to face high product variety and frequent modifications. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 24, n. 9, p. 863-885, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570410552090
DORAN, D. Supplying on a modular basis: an examination of strategic issues. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, v. 35, n. 9, p. 654-663, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030510632023
DORAN, D. Supply Chain management. Rethinking the supply chain: an automotive perspective. Supply Chain Management: an International Journal, v. 9, n. 1, p. 102-109, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13598540410517610
DORAN, D.; HILL, A. A review of modular strategies and architecture within manufacturing operations. Journal of Automobile Engineering, v. 223, p. 65-75, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070JAUTO822
FREDRIKSSON, P. Cooperation and conflict in modular production and supplier parks: the case of Volvo cars modular assembly system. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 6, n. 3, p. 298-314, 2006a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2006.012122
FREDRIKSSON, P. Mechanisms and rationales for coordination of a modular assembly system: the case of Volvo cars. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 26, n. 4, p. 350-370, 2006b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443570610650530
FRIGANT, V.; LUNG, Y. Geographical proximity and supplying relationships in modular production. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, v. 26, n. 4, p. 742-755, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00415
GIL, A. C. Estudo de caso: fundamentação científica, subsídios para coleta e análise de dados, como redigir o relatório. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 2009.
HOEK, R. I. V.; WEKEN, H. A. M. The impact of modular production on the dynamics of supply chains. The International Journal of Logistics Management, v. 9, n. 2, p. 35-50, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09574099810805825
KOTLER, P. A framework for marketing management. 2. ed. New Jersew: Pearson Education International, 2003.
KRISHNAN, V.; GUPTA, S. Appropriateness and impact of platform-based product development. Management Science, v. 47, n. 1, p. 52-68, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.47.1.52.10665
LAU ANTONIO, K. W.; YAM, R. C. M; TANG, E. The impacts of product modularity on competitive capabilities and performance: an empirical study. International Journal Production Economics, v. 105, p. 1-20, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2006.02.002
LUNG, Y. et al. Coping with variety: flexible productive systems for product variety in the auto industry. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999.
MARCONI, M. D. A.; LAKATOS, E. M. Técnicas de pesquisa: planejamento e execução de pesquisas, amostragens e técnicas de pesquisas, elaboração, análise e interpretação de dados. 7. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2008.
MARX, R.; ZILBOVICIUS, M.; SALERNO, M. S. The modular consortium in a new VW truck plant in Brazil: new forms of assembler and supplier relationship. Integrated Manufacturing Systems, v. 8, n. 5, p. 292-298, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576069710179742
MIKKOLA, J. H. Modularity, component outsourcing, and inter-firm learning. R&D Management, v. 33, n. 4, p. 449-454, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9310.00309
MONDRAGON, C. E. C.; MONDRAGON, A. E. C.; MILLER, R. Modularity, open architecture and innovation: an automotive perspective. International Journal of Automotive Technology Management, v. 6, n. 3, p. 346-363, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2006.012125
PANDREMENOS, J. et al. Modularity concepts for the automotive industry: a critical review. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology, v. 1, n. 3, p. 148-152, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2008.09.012
PERSSON, M. The impact of organizational functions on modular structure: experiences from the Volvo car corporation. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 4, n. 1, p. 22-39, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2004.004394
PERSSON, M.; AHLSTRÖM, P. Managerial issues in modularizing complex products. Technovation, v. 26, p. 1201-1209, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2005.09.020
PILLER, F. T.; WARINGER, D. Modularisierung in der Automobilindustrie - neue Form und Prinzi - pien. Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 1999.
PIRES, S. R. I. Managerial implications of the modular consortium model in a Brazilian automotive plant. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 18, n. 3, p. 221-232, 1998.
PIRES, S. R. I; CARDOZA, G. A study of new supply chain management practices in the Brazilian and Spanish auto industries. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 7, n. 1, p. 72-87, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2007.013384
PRIETO, E.; CAUCHICK MIGUEL, P. A. Adoção da estratégia modular por empresas do setor automotivo e as implicações relativas à transferência de atividades no desenvolvimento de produto: um estudo de casos múltiplos. Gestão & Produção, v. 18, n. 2, p. 425-442, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-530X2011000200015
RACHID, A. et al. Organização do trabalho na cadeia de suprimentos: os casos de uma planta modular e de uma tradicional na indústria automobilística. Produção, v. 16, n. 2, p. 189-202, 2006.
RAMDAS, K. Managing product variety: an integrative review and research directions. Product and Operations Management, v. 12, n. 1, p. 79-102, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2003.tb00199.x
ROZENFELD, H. et al. Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produto: uma referência para a melhoria do processo. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2006.
SACOMANO NETO, M.; PIRES, S. R. I. Organização da produção, desempenho e inovações na cadeia de suprimentos da indústria automobilística brasileira. Revista de Ciências da Administração, v. 9, n. 19, p. 34-53, 2007.
SAKO, M.; MURRAY, F. Modules in design, production and use: implications for the global automotive industry. In: GERPISA INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM, 2000, Paris. Proceedings... Paris, 2000.
SAKO, M., MURRAY, F. Modular strategies in cars and computers. Financial Times, 1999.
SALERNO, M. S. The characteristics and the role of modularity in the automotive business. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 1, n. 1, p. 92-107, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2001.000029
SALERNO, M. S.; CAMARGO, O. S.; LEMOS, M. B. Modularity ten years after: an evaluation of the Brazilian experience. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 8, n. 4, p. 373-381, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2008.020309
SALERNO, M. S. et al. The importance of locally commanded design for the consolidation of local supply chain: the concept of design headquarters. International Journal of Manufacturing Technology and Management, v. 16, n. 4, p. 361-376, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJMTM.2009.023753
SALERNO, M. S. et al. Mapeamento da nova configuração da cadeia automotiva. São Paulo, 2001. Pesquisa de desenvolvimento junto ao BNDES.
SANCHEZ, R. Using modularity to manage the interactions of technical and industrial design. Design Management Journal, v. 2, p. 8-19, 2002.
SANCHEZ, R.; COLLINS, R. P. Competing and learning in modular markets. Long Range Planning, v. 34, n. 6, p. 645-667, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0024-6301(01)00099-1
SANCHEZ, R.; MAHONEY, J. T. Modularity, flexibility and knowledge management in product and organizational design. Strategic Management Journal, v. 17, p. 63-76, 1996.
TAKEISHI, A.; FUJIMOTO, T. Modularisation in the auto industry: interlinked multiple hierarchies of product, production and supplier systems. International Journal of Automotive Technology and Management, v. 1, n. 4, p. 379-396, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJATM.2001.000047
ULRICH, K. T. The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm. Research policy, v. 24, n. 3, p. 419-440, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(94)00775-3
ULRICH, K. T.; EPPINGER, S. D. Product design and development. McGraw-Hill, New York, 2000.
ULRICH, K. T.; TUNG, K. Fundamentals of product modularity.In: ASME WINTER ANNUAL MEETING SYMPOSIUM ON ISSUES IN DESIGN/MANUFACTURING INTEGRATION, 1991, Atlanta. Proceedings... Atlanta: ASME, 1991.
WORREN, N.; MOORE, K.; CARDONA, P. Modularity, strategic flexibility, and firm performance: a study of the home appliance industry. Strategic Management Journal, v. 23, p. 1123-1140, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.276
WU, L.; DE MATTA, R.; LOWE, T. J. Updating a modular product: how to set time to market and component quality. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, v. 56, n. 2, p. 298-311, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2008.2005065
YIN, R. K. Estudo de Caso: planejamento e métodos. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2005.
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