Elementos de flexibilidade em contratos de terceirização logística: o caso de uma empresa de telecomunicações
Flexibility elements in contracts of logistic outsourcing: the case of a telecommunications company
Bandeira, Renata Albergaria de M.; Mello, Luiz Carlos B. de B.; Maçada, Antonio Carlos G.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132012005000017
Prod, vol.22, n2, p.237-248, 2012
Resumo
O artigo analisa, através da técnica de estudo de caso, a terceirização logística em uma empresa de telecomunicações. Inicialmente, são discutidos os cuidados e a importância do contrato de terceirização, segundo abordagem da economia dos custos de transação. Analisam-se as possíveis causas das falhas na contratação, e sugerem-se providências para evitar repetições em implementações semelhantes. A experiência adquirida indica que um erro primordial, na opinião dos autores, refere-se à falta de definição da estratégia a ser seguida pela organização em relação ao modelo de contratação. Essa definição é uma etapa fundamental, já que o contrato deve estar alinhado à estratégia.
Palavras-chave
Logística. Terceirização. Contratação. Operador logístico.
Abstract
This article examines, through the technique of case study, the process of logistics outsourcing in a Brazilian telecommunications company. Initially, the importance of contracts for outsourcing is analyzed according to the perspective of the transaction costs economics theory. The possible causes of imperfections in the contracting process are analyzed, and the steps to avoid the repetition of these mistakes in similar implementations are suggested. According to the authors’ point of view, the acquired experience indicates that a primary error in outsourcing contracts refers to the lack of a strategy to be followed by the organization in relation to a contracting model. This definition is a fundamental step, since the contract must be aligned to the strategy.
Keywords
Logistics. Outsourcing. Contracting. Third-party logistics.
References
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ALLEN, S.; CHANDRASHEKAR, A. Outsourcing services: the contract is just the beginning. Business Horizons, p. 25-34, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-6813(00)88558-4
ANDERSSON, D.; NORRMAN, A. Procurement of logistics services: a minute work or a multi-year project? European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Chain Management, n. 8, p. 3-14, 2002.
ARGYRES, N.; MAYER, K. Contract design as a firm capability: an integration of learning and transaction cost perspectives. Academy of Management Review, v. 32, n. 4, p. 1060-1077, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.26585739
BARNEY, J.; HERSTERLY, W. Economia das Organizações: entendendo a relação entre organizações e a análise econômica. In: Nota Técnica In: CLEGG, S.; HARDY, C; NORD, D. (Orgs.). Handbook de estudos organizacionais. São Paulo: Atlas, 2004. v. 3, p. 131-179.
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BARTHÉLEMY, J. The seven deadly sins of outsourcing. Academy of Management Executive, v. 17, n. 2, p. 87-98, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AME.2003.10025203
BARTHÉLEMY, J.; QUÉLIN, B. Complexity of Outsourcing Contracts and Ex Post Transaction Costs: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Management Studies, v. 43, n. 8, p. 1775-97, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00658.x
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BERMAN, J. 3PL news: annual 3PL study indicates industry is showing post-recession growth signs. Logistics management, 2010. Disponível em:
BENTZ, B. So you think you want to outsource? Logistics Today, v. 47, n. 5, p. 24-32, 2006.
BORISON, A.; HAMM, G. Better power contracts: using flexibility to increase value. The Electricity Journal, v. 18, n. 10, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2005.10.010
BOT, B.; NEUMANN, C. Growing pains for logistics outsourcers. The McKinsey Quarterly, v. 2, p. 24-32, 2007.
BOYSON, S. Managing effective third party logistics relationships: what does it take? Journal of Business Logistics, v. 20, n. 1, p. 73, 1999.
BREALEY, R.; MYERS, S. Principles of Corporate Finance. 7. ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2003.
CÁNEZ, L; PLATTS, K; PROBERT, D. Developing a framework for make-or-buy decisions. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 30, n. 11, p. 1313-30, 2000.
CENTRO DE ESTUDOS EM LOGÍSTICA – CEL. Indicadores sobre Prestadores de Serviços Logísticos. Ilos, 2008. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 16 mar. 2009.
CHEN, F.; HUM, S.; SUN, J. Analysis of third-party warehousing contracts with commitments. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 131, p. 603-610, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00102-8
COUGHLAN, A. et al. Canais de marketing e distribuição. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2002.
CRAIG, D.; WILLMOTT, P. Outsourcing grows up. The McKinsey Quarterly, n. 1, 2005.
DAS, T.; TENG, B. Between trust and control: developing confidence in partner cooperation alliances. Academy of Management Review, v. 23, p. 491-512, 1998.
DIBENEDETTO, B. Global 3PLs grew 6.5%. The Journal of Commerce, v. 1, n. 3, 2009. Disponível em:. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2009.
ELLRAM, L.; TATE, W.; BILLINGTON, C. Offshore outsourcing of professional services: a transaction cost economic perspective. Journal of Operations Management, v. 26, n. 2, p. 148-163, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2007.02.008
FOSTER, T. Contracts? We don't need no stinkin' contracts. Logistics Management and Distribution Report, v.37, n. 12, p. 24-38, 1998.
FOSTER, T. Make logistics contracts work for you. Distribution, v. 96, n. 7, p. 55, 1997.
HANDLEY, S.; Benton, W. Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, v. 27, p. 344-361, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2008.11.002
HARRIS, A.; GIUNIPERO, L.; HULT, G. Impact of organizational and contract flexibility on outsourcing contracts. Industrial Marketing Management, v. 27, p. 373-384, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(97)00085-0
HINGLEY, M. Power to all our friends? Living the imbalance in supplier-retailer relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, v.34, n. 2, p. 848- 858, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.03.008
HONESS, S.; CHANCE, C. Outsourcing: a legal perspective on contract critical success factors. Information Security Technical Report, v. 1, n. 3, p. 57-58, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1363-4127(96)90093-X
JANÉ, H.; OCHOA, A. The handbook of logistics contracts: a practical guide to a growing field. Hampshire: Macmillan Publishers, 2006.
JHARKHARIA, S.; SHANKAR, R. Selection of logistic service provider: an analytic network process (ANP) approach. Omega: The international Journal of Management Science, v. 35, p. 274-289, 2007.
KULATILAKA, N.; MARKS, S. The strategic value of flexibility: reducing the ability to compromise. The American Economic Review, v. 78, n. 3, p. 574-80, 1988.
LIEB, R.; BENTZ, B. The Year 2004 Survey: CEO Perspectives on the Current Status and Future Prospects of the Third Party Logistics Industry in the Asia-Pacif Region. 2005. Disponível em:
MALONI, M. J.; CARTER, C. R. Opportunities for research in third-party logistics. Transportation Journal, v. 45, n. 2, p. 23-38, 2006.
MALTZ, A. B.; ELLRAM, L. M. Total cost of relationship: an analytical framework for the logistics outsourcing decision. Journal of Business Logistics, v.18, n. 1, p. 45-66, 1997.
MELLEWIGT, T.; MADHOK, A.; WEIBEL, A. Trust and formal contracts in interorganizational relationships - substitutes and complements. Managerial & Decision Economics, v. 28, n. 8, p. 833-847, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1321
MELLO, L. C. B. B. Seis Sigma: Análise de Metodológica de Implantação em uma Empresa Industrial. 2003. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção)-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2003.
MONCZKA, R.; TRENT, R.; HANDFIELD, R. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 2. ed. South-Western Thomson Learning, 2002
Novaes, A. Logística e Gerenciamento da Cadeia de Distribuição. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 2004.
PALANEESWARAN, E. et al. Curing congenital construction industry disorders through relationally integrated supply chains. Building and Environment, n. 38, p. 571-582, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00188-9
PARISH, R. J. Service level agreements as a contributor to TQM goals. Logistics Information Management, vol. 10, n. 6, p. 284-288, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576059710187410
PRAHINSKI, C.; BENTON, W. Supplier evaluations: communication strategies to improve supplier performance. Journal of Operations Management, v. 22, n. 1, p. 39-62, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2003.12.005
REUER, J. J.; ARIÑO, A. Contractual renegotiations in strategic alliances. Journal of Management, vol. 8, n. 1, p. 47-68, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800104
RICHARDSON, H. Contracts build relationships. Transportation and Distribution, v. 34, n. 11, p. 53-56, 1993.
ROBLES, L.; FISCHMANN, A. Características do Relacionamento entre Montadoras e Operadores Logísticos e a Prestação de Serviços de Logística Integrada na Indústria Automobilística no Brasil. In: ENCONTRO ANUAL DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DOS PROGRAMAS DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO – ENANPAD, 25., 2001, Campinas. Anais Campinas: ANPAD, 2001.
SCHOENHERR, T. Outsourcing decisions in global supply chains: an exploratory multi-country survey. International Journal of Production Research, v. 48, n. 2, 343-78, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207540903174908
SOLS, A.; NOWICK, D.; VERMA, D. Defining the fundamental framework of an effective performance-based logistics (PBL) contract. Engineering Management Journal, v. 19, n. 2, p. 40-49, 2007.
VAN HOEK, R. I. The purchasing and control of supplementary third-party logistics services. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 36, n. 4, p14-26, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2000.tb00082.x
WANG, Q.; TSAO, D. Supply contract with bidirectional options: The buyer's perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, n. 101, p. 30-52, 2006.
WARD, S.; CHAPMAN, C. Choosing contractor payment terms. International Journal of Project Management, vol. 12, n. 4, p. 216-221, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(94)90045-0
WATER, H.; PEET, H. A decision support model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process for the Make or Buy decision in manufacturing. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, v. 12, p. 258-71, 2006.
WILLIAMSON, O. Outsourcing: transaction cost economics and supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, v. 44, n. 2, p. 5-16, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2008.00051.x
ALLEN, S.; CHANDRASHEKAR, A. Outsourcing services: the contract is just the beginning. Business Horizons, p. 25-34, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0007-6813(00)88558-4
ANDERSSON, D.; NORRMAN, A. Procurement of logistics services: a minute work or a multi-year project? European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Chain Management, n. 8, p. 3-14, 2002.
ARGYRES, N.; MAYER, K. Contract design as a firm capability: an integration of learning and transaction cost perspectives. Academy of Management Review, v. 32, n. 4, p. 1060-1077, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AMR.2007.26585739
BARNEY, J.; HERSTERLY, W. Economia das Organizações: entendendo a relação entre organizações e a análise econômica. In: Nota Técnica In: CLEGG, S.; HARDY, C; NORD, D. (Orgs.). Handbook de estudos organizacionais. São Paulo: Atlas, 2004. v. 3, p. 131-179.
BARROS, M. Terceirização Logística no Brasil. Instituto de Logística e Supply Chain, 2009. Working paper Ilos. Disponível em:
BARTHÉLEMY, J. The seven deadly sins of outsourcing. Academy of Management Executive, v. 17, n. 2, p. 87-98, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/AME.2003.10025203
BARTHÉLEMY, J.; QUÉLIN, B. Complexity of Outsourcing Contracts and Ex Post Transaction Costs: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Management Studies, v. 43, n. 8, p. 1775-97, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2006.00658.x
BEIER, F. J. Transportation contracts and the experience effect: a framework for future research. Journal of Business Logistics, v. 10, n. 2, p. 73-89, 1989.
BERMAN, J. 3PL news: annual 3PL study indicates industry is showing post-recession growth signs. Logistics management, 2010. Disponível em:
BENTZ, B. So you think you want to outsource? Logistics Today, v. 47, n. 5, p. 24-32, 2006.
BORISON, A.; HAMM, G. Better power contracts: using flexibility to increase value. The Electricity Journal, v. 18, n. 10, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2005.10.010
BOT, B.; NEUMANN, C. Growing pains for logistics outsourcers. The McKinsey Quarterly, v. 2, p. 24-32, 2007.
BOYSON, S. Managing effective third party logistics relationships: what does it take? Journal of Business Logistics, v. 20, n. 1, p. 73, 1999.
BREALEY, R.; MYERS, S. Principles of Corporate Finance. 7. ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2003.
CÁNEZ, L; PLATTS, K; PROBERT, D. Developing a framework for make-or-buy decisions. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 30, n. 11, p. 1313-30, 2000.
CENTRO DE ESTUDOS EM LOGÍSTICA – CEL. Indicadores sobre Prestadores de Serviços Logísticos. Ilos, 2008. Disponível em:
CHEN, F.; HUM, S.; SUN, J. Analysis of third-party warehousing contracts with commitments. European Journal of Operational Research, v. 131, p. 603-610, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00102-8
COUGHLAN, A. et al. Canais de marketing e distribuição. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2002.
CRAIG, D.; WILLMOTT, P. Outsourcing grows up. The McKinsey Quarterly, n. 1, 2005.
DAS, T.; TENG, B. Between trust and control: developing confidence in partner cooperation alliances. Academy of Management Review, v. 23, p. 491-512, 1998.
DIBENEDETTO, B. Global 3PLs grew 6.5%. The Journal of Commerce, v. 1, n. 3, 2009. Disponível em:
ELLRAM, L.; TATE, W.; BILLINGTON, C. Offshore outsourcing of professional services: a transaction cost economic perspective. Journal of Operations Management, v. 26, n. 2, p. 148-163, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2007.02.008
FOSTER, T. Contracts? We don't need no stinkin' contracts. Logistics Management and Distribution Report, v.37, n. 12, p. 24-38, 1998.
FOSTER, T. Make logistics contracts work for you. Distribution, v. 96, n. 7, p. 55, 1997.
HANDLEY, S.; Benton, W. Unlocking the business outsourcing process model. Journal of Operations Management, v. 27, p. 344-361, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2008.11.002
HARRIS, A.; GIUNIPERO, L.; HULT, G. Impact of organizational and contract flexibility on outsourcing contracts. Industrial Marketing Management, v. 27, p. 373-384, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0019-8501(97)00085-0
HINGLEY, M. Power to all our friends? Living the imbalance in supplier-retailer relationships. Industrial Marketing Management, v.34, n. 2, p. 848- 858, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.03.008
HONESS, S.; CHANCE, C. Outsourcing: a legal perspective on contract critical success factors. Information Security Technical Report, v. 1, n. 3, p. 57-58, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1363-4127(96)90093-X
JANÉ, H.; OCHOA, A. The handbook of logistics contracts: a practical guide to a growing field. Hampshire: Macmillan Publishers, 2006.
JHARKHARIA, S.; SHANKAR, R. Selection of logistic service provider: an analytic network process (ANP) approach. Omega: The international Journal of Management Science, v. 35, p. 274-289, 2007.
KULATILAKA, N.; MARKS, S. The strategic value of flexibility: reducing the ability to compromise. The American Economic Review, v. 78, n. 3, p. 574-80, 1988.
LIEB, R.; BENTZ, B. The Year 2004 Survey: CEO Perspectives on the Current Status and Future Prospects of the Third Party Logistics Industry in the Asia-Pacif Region. 2005. Disponível em:
MALONI, M. J.; CARTER, C. R. Opportunities for research in third-party logistics. Transportation Journal, v. 45, n. 2, p. 23-38, 2006.
MALTZ, A. B.; ELLRAM, L. M. Total cost of relationship: an analytical framework for the logistics outsourcing decision. Journal of Business Logistics, v.18, n. 1, p. 45-66, 1997.
MELLEWIGT, T.; MADHOK, A.; WEIBEL, A. Trust and formal contracts in interorganizational relationships - substitutes and complements. Managerial & Decision Economics, v. 28, n. 8, p. 833-847, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mde.1321
MELLO, L. C. B. B. Seis Sigma: Análise de Metodológica de Implantação em uma Empresa Industrial. 2003. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção)-Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 2003.
MONCZKA, R.; TRENT, R.; HANDFIELD, R. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management. 2. ed. South-Western Thomson Learning, 2002
Novaes, A. Logística e Gerenciamento da Cadeia de Distribuição. Rio de Janeiro: Campus, 2004.
PALANEESWARAN, E. et al. Curing congenital construction industry disorders through relationally integrated supply chains. Building and Environment, n. 38, p. 571-582, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00188-9
PARISH, R. J. Service level agreements as a contributor to TQM goals. Logistics Information Management, vol. 10, n. 6, p. 284-288, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576059710187410
PRAHINSKI, C.; BENTON, W. Supplier evaluations: communication strategies to improve supplier performance. Journal of Operations Management, v. 22, n. 1, p. 39-62, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2003.12.005
REUER, J. J.; ARIÑO, A. Contractual renegotiations in strategic alliances. Journal of Management, vol. 8, n. 1, p. 47-68, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920630202800104
RICHARDSON, H. Contracts build relationships. Transportation and Distribution, v. 34, n. 11, p. 53-56, 1993.
ROBLES, L.; FISCHMANN, A. Características do Relacionamento entre Montadoras e Operadores Logísticos e a Prestação de Serviços de Logística Integrada na Indústria Automobilística no Brasil. In: ENCONTRO ANUAL DA ASSOCIAÇÃO DOS PROGRAMAS DE PÓS GRADUAÇÃO EM ADMINISTRAÇÃO – ENANPAD, 25., 2001, Campinas. Anais Campinas: ANPAD, 2001.
SCHOENHERR, T. Outsourcing decisions in global supply chains: an exploratory multi-country survey. International Journal of Production Research, v. 48, n. 2, 343-78, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207540903174908
SOLS, A.; NOWICK, D.; VERMA, D. Defining the fundamental framework of an effective performance-based logistics (PBL) contract. Engineering Management Journal, v. 19, n. 2, p. 40-49, 2007.
VAN HOEK, R. I. The purchasing and control of supplementary third-party logistics services. The Journal of Supply Chain Management, vol. 36, n. 4, p14-26, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2000.tb00082.x
WANG, Q.; TSAO, D. Supply contract with bidirectional options: The buyer's perspective. International Journal of Production Economics, n. 101, p. 30-52, 2006.
WARD, S.; CHAPMAN, C. Choosing contractor payment terms. International Journal of Project Management, vol. 12, n. 4, p. 216-221, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(94)90045-0
WATER, H.; PEET, H. A decision support model based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process for the Make or Buy decision in manufacturing. Journal of Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, v. 12, p. 258-71, 2006.
WILLIAMSON, O. Outsourcing: transaction cost economics and supply chain management. Journal of Supply Chain Management, v. 44, n. 2, p. 5-16, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-493X.2008.00051.x
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