Parâmetros relacionados ao conforto de passageiros: uma pesquisa das práticas adotadas por fabricantes de poltronas
Parameters related to passengers’ comfort: a research on the practices adopted by seat manufacturers
Souza, Jerusa Barbosa G. de; Menegon, Nilton Luiz; Sticca, Marina Greghi; Rossi, Talita Naiara
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132012005000004
Prod, vol.23, n1, p.157-167, 2013
Resumo
O processo de desenvolvimento de produtos é um processo interdisciplinar que engloba o estudo das pessoas, dos processos e do contexto. A inserção da ergonomia ao projeto de produtos tem ganhado importância nos últimos anos. No transporte de passageiros, esse assunto é importante e o conforto sentado possui relevância considerável na percepção dos usuários. Neste estudo, buscou-se levantar as práticas de inserção de ergonomia e conforto ao processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, adotadas por fabricantes de poltronas. O referencial teórico utilizado foi o modelo de desenvolvimento de produtos proposto por Pugh (1983), Pugh e Morley (1986) apud Pugh (1996). Partindo da literatura existente e de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em cinco fabricantes de poltronas, identificou‑se que a ergonomia e o conforto têm sido considerados como parâmetros no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos destas empresas. No entanto, não se observou a consolidação da análise da atividade de usuários enquanto metodologia universalmente consolidada.
Palavras-chave
Conforto. Ergonomia. Poltrona. Transporte.
Abstract
The product development process is an interdisciplinary process which comprehends the study of the people, the processes and the context. Inserting ergonomics to the project of products has gained importance in the past years. This issue is important in the transportation of passengers, where comfort while seated has considerable relevance to the users’ perception. The purpose of this study was to find out the practices of inserting ergonomics and comfort to the product development process adopted by seat manufacturers. The product development model presented by Pugh (1983) and Pugh; Morley (1986 and 1988) was the theoretical framework used. The work was based on the existing literature and semi-structured interviews with five seat manufacturers. It was observed that ergonomics and comfort are considered parameters in the products development processes of these companies. However, the consolidation of the analysis of users’ activity as a universally consolidated methodology was not observed.
Keywords
Comfort. Ergonomics. Seat. Transportation.
References
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140136908931055
BRANTON, P.; GRAYSON, G. An evaluation of train seats by observation of sitting behaviour. Ergonomics, v. 10, n. 1, p. 35-51, 1967. PMid:6036473. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/00140136708930838
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BUCCIARELLI, L. L. Ethnographic study and simulation of engineering design process. In: HELANDER, M.;
NAGAMACHI, M. Design for Manufacturability and Process. Taylor & Francis, 1990.
CLARK, K. B.; WEELWRIGHT, S. C. Managing new products and process development: text and cases. New York: The Free Press, 1993.
CRESWELL, J. W. Combined qualitative and quantitative designs. In: CRESWELL, J. W. Research design: qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage, 1997. p. 173-192.
DHINGRA, H.; TEWARI, V.; SINGH, S. Discomfort, pressure distribution and safety in operator’s seat: a critical review. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development, v. 5, p. 1-15, 2003.
FALZON, P. Ergonomie, conception etdéveloppement. In: CONGRÈS DE LA SELF, 40., 2005, Paris. Anais… Paris, 2005, p. 21-23.
HAN, S. H. et al. Psycophysical methods and passenger preferences of interior designs. Applied Ergonomics, v. 29, n. 6, p. 499-506, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0003-6870(97)00009-4
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KÄRKI, S.; LEKKALA, J. Pressure mapping system for physiological measurements. In: IMEKO WORLD CONGRESS – METROLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE
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KEEGAN, J. J. Alterations of the lumbar curve related to posture and seating. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, v.35, p. 589-603, 1953.
KOLICH, M. A conceptual framework proposed to formalize the scientific investigation of automobile seat comfort. Applied Ergonomics, v. 39, n. 1, p. 15-27, 2007.
KYUNG, G.; NUSSBAUM, M. A.; BABSKI-REEVES, K. Driver sitting comfort and discomfort (part I): use of subjective ratings in discriminating car seats and correspondence among ratings. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, v. 38, p. 516-525, 2008. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.ergon.2007.08.010
LIMA, F. P. A. A ergonomia como instrumento de segurança e melhoria das condições de trabalho. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE ERGONOMIA E SEGURANÇA DO TRABALHO FLORESTAL E AGRÍCOLA - ERGOFLOR, 1., 2000, Viçosa. Anais... Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2000. p. 1-11.
SABINO NETTO, A. C. S. et al. Melhoria de produtos de uso doméstico com a aplicação da ergonomia integrada ao processo de projeto. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO - ENEGEP, 24., 2004, Florianópolis. Anais… ABEPRO, 2004. p. 2407-14.
OBORNE, D. J. Passenger comfort: an overview. Applied Ergonomics, v. 9, n. 3, p. 131-136, 1978. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0003-6870(78)90002-9 OBORNE, D. J.; CLARKE, M. J. The development of questionnaire surveys for the investigation of passenger comfort. Ergonomics, v. 16, n. 6, p. 855-869, 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140137308924577
PAHL, G.; BEITZ, W. The total design activity. In: PAHL, G.; BEITZ, W. Engineering Design- a systematic approach. Springer, 1995. p. 1-27.
PANERO, J.; ZELNIK, M. Antropometria dos assentos. In:
PANERO, J.; ZELNIK, M. Dimensionamento humano para espaços interiores. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili AS, 2002. p. 57-67.
PUGH, S. The organization of design: an interdisciplinary approach to the study of people, process and contexts. In: PUGH, S. Creating innovative products using total design. Addison Wesley, 1996. p. 325-341.
RICHARDS, L. G.; JACOBSON, I. D.; KUHLTHAU, A. R. What the passenger contributes to passenger comfort. Applied Ergonomics, v. 9, n. 3, p. 137-142, 1978. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0003-6870(78)90003-0
ROZENFELD, H. et al. Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produtos: uma referência para melhoria de processo. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2006.
VALOT, C. O transporte, a segurança e a ergonomia. In: FALZON, P. Ergonomia. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2007. p. 573-586.
VOSS, C.; TSIKRIKTSIS, N.; FROHLICH, M. Case research in operations management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 22, n. 2, p. 195-217, 2002. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/01443570210414329
YIN, R. K. Introdução. In: YIN, R. K. Estudo de caso: planejamento e métodos. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2005. p. 1-38.
BRANTON, P.; GRAYSON, G. An evaluation of train seats by observation of sitting behaviour. Ergonomics, v. 10, n. 1, p. 35-51, 1967. PMid:6036473. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/00140136708930838
BRONKHORST, R. E.; KRAUSE, F. Designing comfortable passenger seats. In: VINK, P. Comfort and design: principles and good practice. Florida: CRC Press, 2005. p 155-167.
BUCCIARELLI, L. L. Ethnographic study and simulation of engineering design process. In: HELANDER, M.;
NAGAMACHI, M. Design for Manufacturability and Process. Taylor & Francis, 1990.
CLARK, K. B.; WEELWRIGHT, S. C. Managing new products and process development: text and cases. New York: The Free Press, 1993.
CRESWELL, J. W. Combined qualitative and quantitative designs. In: CRESWELL, J. W. Research design: qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage, 1997. p. 173-192.
DHINGRA, H.; TEWARI, V.; SINGH, S. Discomfort, pressure distribution and safety in operator’s seat: a critical review. Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development, v. 5, p. 1-15, 2003.
FALZON, P. Ergonomie, conception etdéveloppement. In: CONGRÈS DE LA SELF, 40., 2005, Paris. Anais… Paris, 2005, p. 21-23.
HAN, S. H. et al. Psycophysical methods and passenger preferences of interior designs. Applied Ergonomics, v. 29, n. 6, p. 499-506, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0003-6870(97)00009-4
HARRISON, D. D. et al. Sitting Biomechanics Part I: Review of the literature. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, v. 22, n. 9, p. 594-609, 1999. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0161-4754(99)70020-5
IIDA, I. Ergonomia do Produto. In: IIDA, I. Ergonomia Projeto e Produção. São Paulo: Edgard Blücher, 2005. p. 313-40. INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION - IATA. Corporate air travel survey. Montreal, 2009.
JACOBSON, D. I.; MARTINEZ, J. The comfort and satisfaction of air travellers- basis for a descriptive model. Human Factors, v. 16, n. 1, p. 46-55, 1974.
KÄRKI, S.; LEKKALA, J. Pressure mapping system for physiological measurements. In: IMEKO WORLD CONGRESS – METROLOGY FOR A SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT, 28., 2006, Rio de Janeiro. Anais… Rio de Janeiro, 2006. p. 17-22.
KEEGAN, J. J. Alterations of the lumbar curve related to posture and seating. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, v.35, p. 589-603, 1953.
KOLICH, M. A conceptual framework proposed to formalize the scientific investigation of automobile seat comfort. Applied Ergonomics, v. 39, n. 1, p. 15-27, 2007.
KYUNG, G.; NUSSBAUM, M. A.; BABSKI-REEVES, K. Driver sitting comfort and discomfort (part I): use of subjective ratings in discriminating car seats and correspondence among ratings. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, v. 38, p. 516-525, 2008. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.ergon.2007.08.010
LIMA, F. P. A. A ergonomia como instrumento de segurança e melhoria das condições de trabalho. In: SIMPÓSIO BRASILEIRO SOBRE ERGONOMIA E SEGURANÇA DO TRABALHO FLORESTAL E AGRÍCOLA - ERGOFLOR, 1., 2000, Viçosa. Anais... Viçosa: Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2000. p. 1-11.
SABINO NETTO, A. C. S. et al. Melhoria de produtos de uso doméstico com a aplicação da ergonomia integrada ao processo de projeto. In: ENCONTRO NACIONAL DE ENGENHARIA DE PRODUÇÃO - ENEGEP, 24., 2004, Florianópolis. Anais… ABEPRO, 2004. p. 2407-14.
OBORNE, D. J. Passenger comfort: an overview. Applied Ergonomics, v. 9, n. 3, p. 131-136, 1978. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0003-6870(78)90002-9 OBORNE, D. J.; CLARKE, M. J. The development of questionnaire surveys for the investigation of passenger comfort. Ergonomics, v. 16, n. 6, p. 855-869, 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00140137308924577
PAHL, G.; BEITZ, W. The total design activity. In: PAHL, G.; BEITZ, W. Engineering Design- a systematic approach. Springer, 1995. p. 1-27.
PANERO, J.; ZELNIK, M. Antropometria dos assentos. In:
PANERO, J.; ZELNIK, M. Dimensionamento humano para espaços interiores. Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili AS, 2002. p. 57-67.
PUGH, S. The organization of design: an interdisciplinary approach to the study of people, process and contexts. In: PUGH, S. Creating innovative products using total design. Addison Wesley, 1996. p. 325-341.
RICHARDS, L. G.; JACOBSON, I. D.; KUHLTHAU, A. R. What the passenger contributes to passenger comfort. Applied Ergonomics, v. 9, n. 3, p. 137-142, 1978. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/0003-6870(78)90003-0
ROZENFELD, H. et al. Gestão de Desenvolvimento de Produtos: uma referência para melhoria de processo. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2006.
VALOT, C. O transporte, a segurança e a ergonomia. In: FALZON, P. Ergonomia. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2007. p. 573-586.
VOSS, C.; TSIKRIKTSIS, N.; FROHLICH, M. Case research in operations management. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, v. 22, n. 2, p. 195-217, 2002. http://dx.doi. org/10.1108/01443570210414329
YIN, R. K. Introdução. In: YIN, R. K. Estudo de caso: planejamento e métodos. 3. ed. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2005. p. 1-38.
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