Consciência situacional, tomada de decisão e modos de controle cognitivo em ambientes complexos
Situation awareness, decision making, and cognitive control in complex environments
Henriqson, Éder; Carim Junior, Guido Cesar; Saurin, Tarcisio Abreu; Amaral, Fernando Gonçalves
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132009000300002
Prod, vol.19, n3, p.433-444, 2009
Resumo
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a consciência situacional, os processos de tomada de decisão naturalística e os modos de controle cognitivo utilizados por pilotos de aeronaves em um experimento em simulador de voo. Dessa forma, diferentes situações foram propostas durante a simulação objetivando o estudo da consciência situacional e tomada de decisão dos tripulantes. As ações dos participantes foram investigadas e classificadas de acordo com o modelo de controle cognitivo proposto. Os resultados sugerem que os fatores de complexidade contextual afetam a gestão da dificuldade, influenciando a consciência situacional, a tomada de decisão e os modos de controle cognitivo dos pilotos
Palavras-chave
Consciência situacional, tomada de decisão, controle cognitivo, método de decisão crítica, simulação de voo.
Abstract
This work aims to analyze situation awareness, natural decision-making processes and cognitive control modes used by airplane pilots in a flight simulator experiment. In this way, different situations during flight simulation were considered in order to study the crew's situation awareness and natural decision-making. The participants' actions were investigated and classified according to the cognitive control model proposed. Results suggest that context complexity factors affect difficulty management, influencing situation awareness, decision-making and pilots' cognitive control modes
Keywords
Situation awareness, decision making, cognitive control, critical decision method, flight simulation.
References
AMALBERTI, R. La conduite de systèmes à risques. Paris: Press Universitaires de France, 1996.
BILLINGS, C. E. Human Centered Aircraft Automation: a concept and guidelines. Moffett, California, United States: NASA Ames Research Center, 1996.
__________. Aviation automation: the search for a human-centered approach. Mahwah, New Jersey, United States: Earlbaum, 1997.
CRANDALL, B.; KLEIN, G.; HOFFMAN, R. R. Working Minds: a practitioner's guide to cognitive task analysis. Cambridge Mass: MIT Press, 2006.
DEKKER, S. W. A. The field guide to understanding human error. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishing, 2002.
ENDSLEY, M. R. Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic systems. Human Factors, v. 1, n. 37, p. 85-104, 1995.
________________. Situation Awareness in Aviation Systems. In: GARLAND, D.; WISE, J.; HOPKIN, J. (Eds). Handbook of Human Factors. Mahwah, NJ, USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1999. Chap. 11
ENDSLEY, M. R.; PEARCE, C. L. Shared cognition in top management teams: implications for new venture performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 22, p. 145-160, 2001.
ENDSLEY, M. R.; TILBURY, D. M. Modular verification of modular finite state machines. In: IEEE CONFERENCE ON DECISION AND CONTROL, 43, 14-17 December, Atlantis, Paradise Islands, Bahamas. Proceedings... New York, NY, USA: Plenum Press, 2004. p. 972-979.
FLICK, U. Uma Introdução à Pesquisa Qualitativa. Tradução de Sandra Netz. Porto Alegre: Bookmann, 2004. 312 p.
FOLTZ, P. W. et al. Measuring situation awareness through automated communication analysis. In: Letsky, M. P. et al. (Eds.). Macrocognition in teams: theories and methodologies. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2008. p. 259-275.
HART, S. G. Theoretical basis for workload assessment research at NASA - Ames Research Center. In: Frazier, M. L.; Crombine, R. B. (Eds.). WORKSHOP ON FLIGHT TESTING TO IDENTIFY PILOT WORKLOAD AND PILOT DYNAMICS - AFTECTR-82-5. Proceedings... CA, United Stated: Edward Air Force Base, 1982. p. 445-470.
HELMREICH, R. L.; MERRIT, A. C. Safety and error management: The role of Crew Resource Management. In: Hayward, B. J.; Lowe, A. R. (Eds.). Aviation Resource Management. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2000. p. 107-119.
HOC, J. M.; AMALBERTI, R.; BOREHAM, N. Human operator expertise in diagnosis, decision-making and time management. In: HOC, J. M.; CACCIABUE, P. C.; HOLLNAGEL, E. (Eds.). Expertise and technology: cognition & human-computer cooperation. Hillsdale, NJ, United States: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995. p. 19-42.
HOFFMAN, R. R.; CRANDALL, B.; SHADBOLT, N. Use of the Critical Decision Method to Elicit Expert Knowledge: A Case Study in the Methodology of Cognitive Task Analysis. Human Factors, v. 40, n. 2, p. 254-276, 1998.
HOLLNAGEL, E.; WOODS, D. D. Joint cognitive systems: Foundations of cognitive systems engineering. Boca Raton, FL, United States: Taylor & Francis/CRC, 2005.
LEPLAT, J. Occupational accident research and systems approach. In: RASMUSSEN, J.; DUNCAN, K.; LEPLAT, J. (Eds.). New Technology and Human Error. New York, United States: John Wiley & Sons, 1987. p. 181-191.
LEPLAT, J.; CUNY, X. Introdução à psicologia do trabalho. Tradução de Helena Domingos. Lisboa, Portugal: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1998.
MARMARAS, N.; PAVARD, B. Problem-Driven Approach to the Design of Information Technology Systems Supporting Complex Cognitive Tasks. Cognition, Technology & Work, v. 1, n. 4, dez. 1999.
PERROW, C. Normal accidents: living with high-risk technologies. Princeton, NJ, United States: Princeton University Press, 1984.
RASMUSSEN, J. Human errors: a taxonomy for describing human malfunction in industrial installations. Journal of Occupational Accidents, v. 14, p. 311-333, 1982.
RASMUSSEN, J.; DUNCAN, K.; LEPLAT, J. (Eds.). New technology and human error. London, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1987. 354 p.
RASMUSSEN, J.; PEJTERSEN, A.; GOODSTEIN, L. Cognitive System Engineering. New York, United States: John Wiley & Sons, 1994.
REASON, J. Managing the risks of organizational accidents. Burlington, UK: Ashgate, 1997. 252 p.
REASON, J. Human error. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University, 1990. 302 p.
SARTER, N.; WOODS, D. D. Team play with a powerful and independent agent: operational experiences and automation surprises on the Airbus A-320. Human Factors, v. 4, n. 39, p. 553-569, 1997.
SARTER, N.; AMALBERTI, R. Cognitive engineering in the aviation domain. Hillsdale, NJ, United States: Erlbaum, 2005.
WICKENS, C. D.; HOLLNADS, J. Engineering psychology and human performance. 3 ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ, United States: Prentice Hall, 2000.
Wiener, E. Crew coordination and training in the advanced-technology cockpit. In: Wiener, E.; Kanki, B.; Helmreich, R. (Eds.). Cockpit Resource Management. San Diego, CA, United States: Academic Press, 1993. p. 199-229.
WISNER, A. A inteligência no trabalho: Textos selecionados de ergonomia. São Paulo: Fundacentro, 1997.
WOODS, D. D. Designs are hypotheses about how artifacts shape cognition and collaboration. Ergonomics, n. 41, p. 168-173, 1998.
WOODS, D. D.; HOLLNAGEL, E. Joint Cognitive Systems: patterns in cognitive systems engineering. Boca Raton, United States: CRC Taylor & Francis, 2006.
WOODS, D. D.; SARTER, N. Learning from automation surprises and going sour accidents. In: SARTER, N.; AMALBERTI, R. (Eds.). Cognitive engineering in the aviation domain. Hillsdale, NJ, United States: Erlbaum, 2005.
Facebook
Google+
Twitter
LinkedIn
Mendeley
StumbleUpon
CiteULike
Reddit
Email