Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida: revisão dos principais métodos
Life Cycle Impact Assessment: a review of the main methods
Mendes, Natalia Crespo; Bueno, Cristiane; Ometto, Aldo Roberto
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.153213
Production, vol.26, n1, p.160-175, 2015
Resumo
Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida (AICV) é a terceira fase da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) e tem como finalidade avaliar a significância ambiental dos resultados do inventário por meio de modelos e fatores de caracterização contidos nos métodos de AICV. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os principais métodos de AICV e descrever suas características. Por meio de uma revisão da literatura foram identificados 13 métodos de AICV, desenvolvidos majoritariamente em países da Europa e utilizados em todo o mundo, inclusive no Brasil. Dentre esses métodos foram reconhecidos aqueles que apresentam escopo de aplicação global, sendo recomendados para uso no Brasil. Cada método de AICV avalia as diferentes categorias de impacto por meio de uma série de modelos de caracterização, assim, concluiu-se ser necessário analisarem-se os procedimentos de cálculos utilizados por cada modelo, a fim de fornecer subsídios para aplicação desses métodos e modelos nas diferentes regiões do mundo.
Palavras-chave
Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida. Métodos de Avaliação de Impacto do Ciclo de Vida.
Abstract
Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) is the third phase of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). It involves assessing the environmental significance of inventory results by using characterization models and factors contained in LCIA methods. This paper identifies the main LCIA methods and describes their characteristics. Through a literature review, 13 LCIA methods were identified. Most of them were developed in Europe and have been used throughout the world, including Brazil. Among these methods have been identified those with a global scope of application, being recommended for the use in Brazil. Each LCIA method evaluates different impact categories by means of a number of different characterization models, so it was concluded that there is a need to analyze the calculation procedures used by each model to provide support for the application of these methods and models in different regions of the world.
Keywords
Life Cycle Impact Assessment. Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methods.
References
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Bare, J. C. (2002). Developing a Consistent Decision-Making framework by Using the U.S. EPA’s TRACI. Cincinnati: Environmental Protection Agency. Recuperado em 27 de junho de 2013, de http://www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/std/sab/traci/ aiche2002paper.pdf
Bare, J. C., Norris, G. A., Pennington, D. W. & McKone, T. E. (2003). TRACI: The Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6(3), 49-78.
Brand, G., Braunschweig, A., Scheidegger, A., & Schwank, O. (1998). Weighting in ecobalances with the ecoscarcity method: ecofactors 1997. Bern: Buwal (Safel). (Environment Series, 297).
Brasil, Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior, Conselho Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial. Dispõe sobre a Aprovação do Programa Brasileiro de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida e dá outras providências (Resolução no 04, de 15 de dezembro de 2010). Recuperado em 27 de junho de 2013, de http://www.inmetro.gov.br/ legislacao/resc/pdf/RESC000236.pdf.
Finnveden, G., Hauschild, M. Z., Ekvall, T., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Hellweg, S., Koehler, A., Pennington, D., & Suh, S. (2009). Recent developments in Life Cycle Assessment. Journal of Environmental Management, 91, 1-21. PMid:19716647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.018
Frischknecht, R., Steiner, R., Arthur, B., Norbert, E., & Gabi, H. (2006). Swiss Ecological Scarcity Method: the new version 2006. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on EcoBalance, Tsukuba, Japan.
Frischknecht, R., Steiner, R., & Jungbluth, N. (2009). The Ecological Scarcity Method - Eco-Factors 2006: a method for impact assessment in LCA. Bern: Federal Office for the Environment. (Environmental studies, 906).
Goedkoop, M., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M., Schryver, A., Struijs, J., & van Zelm, R. (2009). ReCiPe 2008: a life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonized category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level. Ministerie van Volkshuisvesting. (Report, 1).
Guinée, J. B. (2002). Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: operational guide to the ISO Standards. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Hauschild, M. Z., Huijbregts, M., Jolliet, O., Macleod, M., Margni, M., van de Meent, D., Rosenbaum, R. K., & McKone, T. E. (2008). Building a model based on scientific consensus for life cycle impact assessment of chemicals: the search for harmony and parsimony. Environmental Science & Technology, 42(19), 7032-7037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es703145t
Hauschild, M. Z., Goedkoop, M., Guinée, J., Heijungs, R., Huijbregts, M., Jolliet, O., Margni, M., Schryver, A., Humbert, S., Laurent, A, Sala, S., Pant, R. (2012). Identifying best existing practice for characterization modeling in life cycle impact assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18(3), 683-697. Hauschild, M., & Potting, J. (2005). Spatial differentiation in life cycle impact assessment: the EDIP2003 methodology. Copenhagen: Danish Ministry of the Environment. (Environmental News, 80).
Hauschild, M. Z., & Wenzel, H. (1998). Environmental assessment of products (Vol. 2). United Kingdom: Chapman & Hall, Hingham: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Huijbregts, M., Hauschild, M., Jolliet, O., Margni, M., McKone, T., Rosenbaum, R. K., & van de Meent, D. (2010). USEtoxTM User manual.
IMPACT World+. What is IMPACT World+?. (2012). Recuperado em 27 de junho de 2013, de http://www.impactworldplus.org/en/presentation. php
Itsubo, N., Sakagami, M., Washida, T., Kokubu, K., & Inaba, A. (2004). Weighting Across Safeguard Subjects for LCIA through the Application of Conjoint Analysis. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 9(3), 196-205.
Itsubo, N., & Inaba, A. (2003). A new LCIA method: LIME has been completed. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(5), 305-305.
Joint Research Centre – JRC. (2010). Analysis of existing environmental impact assessment methodologies for use in life cycle assessment: background document. (ILCD Handbook).
Joint Research Centre – JRC. (2011). Recommendations based on existing environmental impact assessment models and factors for life cycle assessment in European context. (ILCD Handbook).
Jolliet, O., Margni, M., Charles, R., Humbert, S., Payet, J., Rebitzer, G., & Rosenbaum, R. (2003). IMPACT 2002+: a new life cycle impact assessment methodology. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 8(6), 324-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02978505
Kemna, R.., van Elburg M., Li, W., & van Holstekjin, R. (2005). MEEUP: the methodology Report. Brussels: European Commission. (Final version).
Klöpffer, W. (2006). The role of SETAC in the development of LCA. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 11, 116-122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11367-008-0038-4
Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment. (2000). Eco-indicator 99 manual for designers: a damage oriented method for Life Cycle Impact Assessment.
Organização das Nações Unidas - ONU. (2012). A ONU e o meio ambiente. Recuperado em 27 de junho de 2013, de http://www.onu.org.br/ a-onu-em-acao/a-onu-e-o-meio-ambiente/
Rosenbaum, R. K., Bachmann, T. M., Gold, L. S., Huijbregts, M. A. J., Jolliet, O., Juraske, R., Koehler, A., Larsen, H. F., MacLeod, M., Margni, M., McKone, T. E., Payet, J.,
Schuhmacher, M., van de Meent, D., & Hauschild, M. Z. (2008). USEtox the UNEP-SETAC toxicity model: recommended characterisation factors for human toxicity and freshwater ecotoxicity in life cycle impact assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13(7), 532-546.
Schryver, A. M., Brakkee, K. W., Goedkoop, M. J., & Huijbregts, A. J. (2009). Characterization factors for global warming in life cycle assessment based on damages to humans and ecosystems. Environmental
Science and Technology, 43(6), 1689-1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/lca2005.12.242 Steen, B. (1999a). A systematic approach to environmental priority strategies in product development (EPS) (Version 2000). Gothenburg: Chalmers University of
Technology. (CPM report 1999:4). Steen, B. (1999b). A systematic approach to environmental priority strategies in product development (EPS) (Version 2000). Gothenburg: Chalmers University of Technology. (CPM report 1999:5).
Toffoletto, L., Bulle, C., Godin, J., Reid, C., & Deschênes, L. (2007). LUCAS: a new LCIA method used for a canadian-specific context. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 12(2), 93-102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6367-9
United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP. (2007). Life cycle management: a business guide to sustainability. Recuperado em 27 de junho de 2013, de http://www.unep.org/pdf/ dtie/DTI0889PA.pdf
United Nations Environment Programme – UNEP. (2010). Life Cycle Impact Assessment Programme. Life Cycle Initiative. Recuperado em 27 de junho de 2013, de http://lcinitiative. unep.fr/sites/lcinit/default.asp?site=lcinit&page_id=67F5A66D-9EB8- 4E75-B663-297B7FD626B6
Wenzel, H., Hauschild, M. Z., & Alting, L. (1997). Environmental assessment of products (vol. 1). United Kingdom: Chapman & Hall, Hingham: Kluwer Academic Publishers. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6367-9
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