Decision model to control water losses in distribution networks
Fontana, Marcele Elisa; Morais, Danielle Costa
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.201815
Production, vol.26, n4, p.688-697, 2016
Abstract
The losses in the urban water supply networks have become a growing concern. There are several alternatives for the quantification, detection and monitoring of water losses. However, in general, water companies have budgetary and other constraints that hinder implementation. Therefore, this paper presents a model to aid the selection of a subset of preventive maintenance actions to control water losses while accounting for the water companies’ restrictions. The model combines an additive multi-attribute value analysis by applying the SMARTER method to evaluate alternatives with Integer Linear Programming (ILP). The model shows to be efficient in order to achieve a portfolio of preventive maintenance actions, particularly when the decision maker considers that, there is a compensation for attribute evaluations.
Keywords
Water distribution network, Water loss control, Multi-attribute, SMARTER method, Integer linear programming
References
Abrishamchi, A., Ebrahimian, A., Tajrishi, M., & Mariño, M. A. (2005). Case study: application of multicriteria decision making to urban water supply. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 131(4), 326-335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2005)131:4(326).
Abu-Shams, I., & Rabadi, A. (2003). The strategy of restructuring and rehabilitating the greater amman water network. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 19(2), 173-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0790062032000089301.
Almeida, A. T. (2011). O conhecimento e o uso de métodos multicritério de apoio a decisão. Recife: Editora Universitária da UFPE.
Almeida, A. T. (2013). O processo de decisões nas organizações: construindo modelos decisão multicritério. São Paulo: Atlas.
Araral, E., & Wang, Y. (2013). Water demand management: review of literature and comparison in South-East Asia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, Special Issue: Urban water management: public-private participation and water pricing, 29(3), 434-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2013.826413.
Arreguín-Cortes, F., & Ochoa-Alejo, L. (1997). Evaluation of water losses in distribution networks. Water Resources Planning and Management, 123, 284-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.04.1246.
Bana e Costa, C. A., & Vansnick, J. C. (1994). MACBETH: an interactive path towards the construction of cardinal value functions. International Transactions in Operational Research, 1(4), 489-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-6016(94)90010-8.
Behzadian, M., Kazemadeh, R. B., Albadvi, A., & Aghdasi, M. (2010). PROMETHEE: a comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 200, 198-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.01.021.
Belton, V., & Stewart, T. J. (2002). Multiple criteria decision analysis. Berlim: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Buchberger, S. G., & Nadimpalli, G. (2004). Leak estimation in water distribution systems by statistical analysis of flow readings. Water Resources Planning and Management, 130(4), 321-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:4(321).
Charalambous, B., Foufeas, D., & Petroulias, N. (2014). Leak detection and water loss management. Water Utility Journal, 8, 25-30. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://www.ewra.net/wuj/issue_8.htm
Covas, D., Ramos, H., & Almeida, A. B. (2005). Standing wave difference method for leak detection in pipeline systems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 131, 1106-1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:12(1106).
Del Vasto-Terrientes, L., Valls, A., Slowinski, R., & Zielniewicz, P. (2015). ELECTRE-III-H: an outranking-based decision aiding method for hierarchically structured criteria. Expert Systems with Applications, 42, 4910-4926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.02.016.
Duzinkiewicz, K., Borowa, A., Mazur, K., Grochowski, M., Brdys, M. A., & Jezior, K. (2008). Leakage detection and localisation in drinking water distribution networks by multiregional PCA. Studies in Informatics and Control, 17, 135-152. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://sic.ici.ro/?page_id=441.
Edwards, W., & Hutton, B. F. (1994). SMARTS and SMARTER: improved simple methods for multiattribute utility measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 60, 306-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1087.
Ferrante, M., & Brunone, B. (2003). Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. 1. Harmonic analysis. Advances in Water Resources, 26, 95-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00101-X.
Fontana, M. E., & Morais, D. C. (2013). Using promethee V to select alternatives so as to rehabilitate water supply network with detected leaks. Water Resources Management, 27, 4021-4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0393-1.
Fontana, M. E., & Morais, D. C. (2015). Segmentation model for water distribution networks based on the characteristics of consumer units. Production, 25(1), 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132013005000071.
Fontana, M. E., Morais, D. C., & Almeida, A. T. (2011). A MCDM model for urban water conservation strategies. In R. H. C. Takahashi, K. Deb, E. Wanner & S. Greco (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6576, pp. 564-578). Heidelberg: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19893-9_39
Fontanazza, C. M., Freni, G., Loggia, G. L., Notaro, V., & Puleo, V. (2012). A composite indicator for water meter replacement in an urban distribution network. Urban Water Journal, 9(6), 419-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2012.690434.
Gheisi, A. R., & Naser, Gh. (2013). On the significance of maximum number of components failures in reliability analysis of water distribution systems. Urban Water Journal, 10(1), 10-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2012.690433.
Giustolisi, O., Savic, D., & Kapelan, Z. (2008). Pressure-driven demand and leakage simulation for water distribution networks. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134, 626-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:5(626).
Holnicki-Szulc, J., Kolakowski, P., & Nasher, N. (2005). Leakage detection in water networks. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 16, 207-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389X05049169.
Horne, J. (2013). Economic approaches to water management in Australia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(4), 526-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.712336.
Hunaidi, O., & Wang, A. (2006). A New system for locating leaks in urban water distribution pipes. International Journal of Management of Environmental Quality, 17(4), 450-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830610700928.
Hunaidi, O., Wang, A., Bracken, M., Gambino, T., & Fricke, C. (2004). Acoustic methods for locating leaks in municipal water pipe networks. In International Water Demand Management Conference, Dead Sea, Jordan. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.6.3793&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Kanakoudis, V., & Tsitsifli, S. (2014). Using the bimonthly water balance of a non-fully monitored water distribution network with seasonal water demand peaks to define its actual NRW level: the case of Kos town, Greece. Urban Water Journal, 11(5), 348-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.806563.
Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1976). Decision with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs. New York: John Wiley.
Lambert, A. O. (1994). Accounting for Losses: the bursts and background concept. Water and Environment Journal : the Journal / the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 8, 205-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00913.x.
Lopez, H. M. L., & Almeida, A. T. (2013). Project portfolio selection in an electric utility company using PROMETHEE V. Production, 24(3), 559-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132013005000045.
Macharis, C., Springael, J., Brucker, K., & Verbeke, A. (2004). PROMETHEE and AHP: the design of operational synergies in multicriteria analysis: strengthening PROMETHEE with ideas of AHP. European Journal of Operational Research, 153, 307-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00153-X.
McKenzie, R., & Seago, C. (2005). Assessment of real losses in potable water distribution systems: some recent developments. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 5, 33-40. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://ws.iwaponline.com/content/5/1/33.article-info
Mesquita, A. M., & Ruiz, R. M. (2013). A financial economic model for urban water pricing in Brazil. Urban Water Journal, 10(2), 85-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2012.699073.
Misiunas, D., Vítkovský, J., Olsson, G., Simpson, A., & Lambert, M. (2005). Pipeline break detection using pressure transient monitoring. Water Resources Planning and Management, 131, 316-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2005)131:4(316).
Morais, D. C., & Almeida, A. T. (2007). Group decision-making for leakage management strategy of water network. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 441-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.008.
Mounce, S. R., Boxall, J. B., & Machell, J. (2010). Development and verification of an online artificial intelligence system for detection of bursts and other abnormal flows. Water Resources Planning and Management, 136, 309-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000030.
Nazif, S., Karamouz, M., Tabesh, M., & Moridi, A. (2010). Pressure management model for urban water distribution networks. Water Resources Management, 24, 437-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9454-x.
Nicolini, M., & Zovatto, L. (2009). Optimal location and control of pressure reducing valves in water networks. Water Resources Planning and Management, 135(3), 178-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:3(178).
Puust, R., Kapelan, Z., Savic, D. A., & Koppel, T. (2010). A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks. Urban Water Journal., 7, 25-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730621003610878.
Roy, B., & Bertier, P. (1973). La méthode Electre II: une application au média-planning. In M. Ross (Eds.), OR’72 (pp. 291-302). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tabesh, M., Shirzad, A., & Arefkhani, A. V. (2014). A comparative study between the modified and available demand driven based models for head driven analysis of water distribution networks. Urban Water Journal, 11(3), 221-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.783084.
Trojan, F., & Morais, D. C. (2012). Using Electre TRI to support maintenance of water distribution networks. Pesquisa Operacional, 32(2), 423-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-74382012005000013.
Valois, U., & Almeida, A. T. (2009). Support model for multicriteria decision to outsource productive activities based on SMARTS method. Prodution, 19(2), 249-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132009000200003.
Wang, X. J., Lambert, M. F., Simpson, A. R., Liggett, J. A., & Vítkovský, J. P. (2002). Leak detection in pipelines using the damping of fluid transients. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(7), 697-711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:7(697).
Wu, Z. Y. (2009). Unified parameter optimisation approach for leakage detection and extended-period simulation model calibration. Urban Water Journal, 6(1), 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620802541631.
Wu, Z. Y., Sage, P., & Turtle, D. (2010). Pressure-dependent leak detection model and its application to a district water system. Water Resources Planning and Management, 136, 116-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2010)136:1(116).
Wu, Z. Y., Wang, R. H., Diezo, D., & Walski, T. (2003). Mining water consumption and GIS-based data for loading water distribution models. In World Water and Environmental Resource Congress (pp. 1-9), Philadelphia, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)23.
Abu-Shams, I., & Rabadi, A. (2003). The strategy of restructuring and rehabilitating the greater amman water network. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 19(2), 173-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0790062032000089301.
Almeida, A. T. (2011). O conhecimento e o uso de métodos multicritério de apoio a decisão. Recife: Editora Universitária da UFPE.
Almeida, A. T. (2013). O processo de decisões nas organizações: construindo modelos decisão multicritério. São Paulo: Atlas.
Araral, E., & Wang, Y. (2013). Water demand management: review of literature and comparison in South-East Asia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, Special Issue: Urban water management: public-private participation and water pricing, 29(3), 434-450. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2013.826413.
Arreguín-Cortes, F., & Ochoa-Alejo, L. (1997). Evaluation of water losses in distribution networks. Water Resources Planning and Management, 123, 284-291. http://dx.doi.org/10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.18.04.1246.
Bana e Costa, C. A., & Vansnick, J. C. (1994). MACBETH: an interactive path towards the construction of cardinal value functions. International Transactions in Operational Research, 1(4), 489-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-6016(94)90010-8.
Behzadian, M., Kazemadeh, R. B., Albadvi, A., & Aghdasi, M. (2010). PROMETHEE: a comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications. European Journal of Operational Research, 200, 198-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.01.021.
Belton, V., & Stewart, T. J. (2002). Multiple criteria decision analysis. Berlim: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Buchberger, S. G., & Nadimpalli, G. (2004). Leak estimation in water distribution systems by statistical analysis of flow readings. Water Resources Planning and Management, 130(4), 321-329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2004)130:4(321).
Charalambous, B., Foufeas, D., & Petroulias, N. (2014). Leak detection and water loss management. Water Utility Journal, 8, 25-30. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://www.ewra.net/wuj/issue_8.htm
Covas, D., Ramos, H., & Almeida, A. B. (2005). Standing wave difference method for leak detection in pipeline systems. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 131, 1106-1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2005)131:12(1106).
Del Vasto-Terrientes, L., Valls, A., Slowinski, R., & Zielniewicz, P. (2015). ELECTRE-III-H: an outranking-based decision aiding method for hierarchically structured criteria. Expert Systems with Applications, 42, 4910-4926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2015.02.016.
Duzinkiewicz, K., Borowa, A., Mazur, K., Grochowski, M., Brdys, M. A., & Jezior, K. (2008). Leakage detection and localisation in drinking water distribution networks by multiregional PCA. Studies in Informatics and Control, 17, 135-152. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://sic.ici.ro/?page_id=441.
Edwards, W., & Hutton, B. F. (1994). SMARTS and SMARTER: improved simple methods for multiattribute utility measurement. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 60, 306-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1994.1087.
Ferrante, M., & Brunone, B. (2003). Pipe system diagnosis and leak detection by unsteady-state tests. 1. Harmonic analysis. Advances in Water Resources, 26, 95-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1708(02)00101-X.
Fontana, M. E., & Morais, D. C. (2013). Using promethee V to select alternatives so as to rehabilitate water supply network with detected leaks. Water Resources Management, 27, 4021-4037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-013-0393-1.
Fontana, M. E., & Morais, D. C. (2015). Segmentation model for water distribution networks based on the characteristics of consumer units. Production, 25(1), 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132013005000071.
Fontana, M. E., Morais, D. C., & Almeida, A. T. (2011). A MCDM model for urban water conservation strategies. In R. H. C. Takahashi, K. Deb, E. Wanner & S. Greco (Eds.), Evolutionary multi-criterion optimization (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 6576, pp. 564-578). Heidelberg: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19893-9_39
Fontanazza, C. M., Freni, G., Loggia, G. L., Notaro, V., & Puleo, V. (2012). A composite indicator for water meter replacement in an urban distribution network. Urban Water Journal, 9(6), 419-428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2012.690434.
Gheisi, A. R., & Naser, Gh. (2013). On the significance of maximum number of components failures in reliability analysis of water distribution systems. Urban Water Journal, 10(1), 10-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2012.690433.
Giustolisi, O., Savic, D., & Kapelan, Z. (2008). Pressure-driven demand and leakage simulation for water distribution networks. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134, 626-635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:5(626).
Holnicki-Szulc, J., Kolakowski, P., & Nasher, N. (2005). Leakage detection in water networks. Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, 16, 207-219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1045389X05049169.
Horne, J. (2013). Economic approaches to water management in Australia. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 29(4), 526-543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2012.712336.
Hunaidi, O., & Wang, A. (2006). A New system for locating leaks in urban water distribution pipes. International Journal of Management of Environmental Quality, 17(4), 450-466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830610700928.
Hunaidi, O., Wang, A., Bracken, M., Gambino, T., & Fricke, C. (2004). Acoustic methods for locating leaks in municipal water pipe networks. In International Water Demand Management Conference, Dead Sea, Jordan. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.6.3793&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Kanakoudis, V., & Tsitsifli, S. (2014). Using the bimonthly water balance of a non-fully monitored water distribution network with seasonal water demand peaks to define its actual NRW level: the case of Kos town, Greece. Urban Water Journal, 11(5), 348-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.806563.
Keeney, R. L., & Raiffa, H. (1976). Decision with multiple objectives: preferences and value trade-offs. New York: John Wiley.
Lambert, A. O. (1994). Accounting for Losses: the bursts and background concept. Water and Environment Journal : the Journal / the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 8, 205-214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb00913.x.
Lopez, H. M. L., & Almeida, A. T. (2013). Project portfolio selection in an electric utility company using PROMETHEE V. Production, 24(3), 559-571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132013005000045.
Macharis, C., Springael, J., Brucker, K., & Verbeke, A. (2004). PROMETHEE and AHP: the design of operational synergies in multicriteria analysis: strengthening PROMETHEE with ideas of AHP. European Journal of Operational Research, 153, 307-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00153-X.
McKenzie, R., & Seago, C. (2005). Assessment of real losses in potable water distribution systems: some recent developments. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 5, 33-40. Retrieved in 11 December 2015, from http://ws.iwaponline.com/content/5/1/33.article-info
Mesquita, A. M., & Ruiz, R. M. (2013). A financial economic model for urban water pricing in Brazil. Urban Water Journal, 10(2), 85-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2012.699073.
Misiunas, D., Vítkovský, J., Olsson, G., Simpson, A., & Lambert, M. (2005). Pipeline break detection using pressure transient monitoring. Water Resources Planning and Management, 131, 316-325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2005)131:4(316).
Morais, D. C., & Almeida, A. T. (2007). Group decision-making for leakage management strategy of water network. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 52, 441-459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.008.
Mounce, S. R., Boxall, J. B., & Machell, J. (2010). Development and verification of an online artificial intelligence system for detection of bursts and other abnormal flows. Water Resources Planning and Management, 136, 309-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000030.
Nazif, S., Karamouz, M., Tabesh, M., & Moridi, A. (2010). Pressure management model for urban water distribution networks. Water Resources Management, 24, 437-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9454-x.
Nicolini, M., & Zovatto, L. (2009). Optimal location and control of pressure reducing valves in water networks. Water Resources Planning and Management, 135(3), 178-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2009)135:3(178).
Puust, R., Kapelan, Z., Savic, D. A., & Koppel, T. (2010). A review of methods for leakage management in pipe networks. Urban Water Journal., 7, 25-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730621003610878.
Roy, B., & Bertier, P. (1973). La méthode Electre II: une application au média-planning. In M. Ross (Eds.), OR’72 (pp. 291-302). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.
Saaty, T. L. (1980). The analytic hierarchy process. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tabesh, M., Shirzad, A., & Arefkhani, A. V. (2014). A comparative study between the modified and available demand driven based models for head driven analysis of water distribution networks. Urban Water Journal, 11(3), 221-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.783084.
Trojan, F., & Morais, D. C. (2012). Using Electre TRI to support maintenance of water distribution networks. Pesquisa Operacional, 32(2), 423-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0101-74382012005000013.
Valois, U., & Almeida, A. T. (2009). Support model for multicriteria decision to outsource productive activities based on SMARTS method. Prodution, 19(2), 249-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0103-65132009000200003.
Wang, X. J., Lambert, M. F., Simpson, A. R., Liggett, J. A., & Vítkovský, J. P. (2002). Leak detection in pipelines using the damping of fluid transients. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 128(7), 697-711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:7(697).
Wu, Z. Y. (2009). Unified parameter optimisation approach for leakage detection and extended-period simulation model calibration. Urban Water Journal, 6(1), 53-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15730620802541631.
Wu, Z. Y., Sage, P., & Turtle, D. (2010). Pressure-dependent leak detection model and its application to a district water system. Water Resources Planning and Management, 136, 116-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2010)136:1(116).
Wu, Z. Y., Wang, R. H., Diezo, D., & Walski, T. (2003). Mining water consumption and GIS-based data for loading water distribution models. In World Water and Environmental Resource Congress (pp. 1-9), Philadelphia, USA. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40685(2003)23.
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