O impacto de fatores críticos de sucesso e da maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos no desempenho: um levantamento com empresas brasileiras
The impact of critical success factors and project management maturity in project success: a survey of Brazilian companies
Berssaneti, Fernando Tobal; Carvalho, Marly Monteiro de; Muscat, Antonio Rafael N.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6513.065012
Production, vol.26, n4, p.707-723, 2016
Resumo
Este artigo busca analisar as relações de dois fatores críticos de sucesso (apoio da alta administração e a presença do gerente de projetos), e o desempenho dos projetos executados, bem como a relação entre maturidade organizacional em gerenciamento de projetos e o sucesso dos projetos. Estas relações foram testadas em termos de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho, conhecidos como “triângulo de ferro”, que envolve conformidade com custo, prazo e qualidade (atendimento de requisitos do produto/serviço e às demandas dos clientes). Para confirmar ou refutar as hipóteses de pesquisa estabelecidas, esta pesquisa adotou uma abordagem quantitativa, com um levantamento (survey) na região metropolitana de São Paulo junto a 336 profissionais da área. Os resultados demonstraram relações estatisticamente significantes para os fatores críticos de sucesso estudados e para a maturidade organizacional em
Palavras-chave
Gerenciamento de projetos, Sucesso em projetos, Fatores Críticos de Sucesso (FCS), Maturidade em gerenciamento de projetos.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the relationships of two critical success factors (top management support and the presence of the project manager) to the success of executed projects as well the relationship between organizational maturity in project management and project success. These relationships were tested using a set of success indicators known as the “iron triangle” that involve compliance with budgeting, scheduling and quality (product/service requirements and customer needs). To test the hypotheses, this research adopted a quantitative approach with a survey of 336 project management professionals in metropolitan São Paulo. Statistically significant relationships were identified between project success and critical success factors and between project success and project management maturity. Project management maturity was the variable that was most related to project success.
Keywords
Project management, Project success, Critical Success Factors (CSF), Project management maturity.
References
Agarwal, N., & Rathod, U. (2006). Defining “success” for software projects: an exploratory revelation. International Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 358-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.11.009.
Ahadzie, D. K., Proverbs, D., & Olomolaiye, P. (2008). Towards developing competency-based measures for construction project managers: should contextual behaviours be distinguished from task behaviours? International Journal of Project Management, 26(6), 631-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.09.011.
Andersen, E. S., & Jessen, S. A. (2003). Project maturity in organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 21(6), 457-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00088-1.
Archibald, R. D. (1976). Managing high-technology programs and projects. New York: John Wiley.
Aubry, M., & Hobbs, B. (2010). A fresh look at the contribution of project management to organizational performance. Project Management Journal, 42(1), 3-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20213.
Berssaneti, F. T., Assumpção, A., & Nakao, O. S. (2014). Engenharia e construção: quais variáveis contribuem para o sucesso dos projetos executados atualmente no Brasil. Gestão & Produção, 21(1), 95-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-530X2014005000009.
Berssaneti, F. T., Carvalho, M. M., & Muscat, A. R. N. (2012). Impacto dos modelos de referência e maturidade no gerenciamento de projetos: estudo exploratório em projetos de tecnologia da informação. Produção, 22(3), 405-420.
Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, A. P. L. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(2), 203-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410532624.
Cooke-Davies, T. (2002). The “real” success factors on projects. International Journal of Project Management, 20(3), 185-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00067-9.
Daniel, D. R. (1961). Management information crisis. Harvard Business Review, 39(5), 111-121.
Dinsmore, P. C. (1998). Winning business with enterprise project management. New York: AMACOM.
Dion, R. (1993). Process improvement and the corporate balance sheet. IEEE Software, 10(4), 28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/52.219618.
Fortune, J., & White, D. (2006). Framing of project critical success factors by a systems model. International Journal of Project Management, 24(1), 53-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.07.004.
Gareis, R., & Huemann, M. (2000). Project management competences in the project-oriented organization. In J. R. Turner and S. J. Simister (Eds.), The gower handbook of project management (pp. 709-721). Aldershot: Gower.
Godoy, A. S. (1995). Introdução à pesquisa qualitativa e suas possibilidades. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 35(2), 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75901995000200008.
Grant, K. P., & Pennypacker, J. S. (2006). Project management maturity: an assessment of project management capabilities among and between selected industries. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 53(1), 59-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2005.861802.
Gray, R. J. (2001). Organisational climate and project success. International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), 103-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00060-5.
Humphrey, W. S. (1989). Managing the software process (SEI Series in Software Engineering). Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Ibbs, C., & Kwak, Y. (2000). Assessing project management maturity. Project Management Journal, 31(1), 32-43.
Jaafari, A. (2007). Project and program diagnostics: a systemic approach. International Journal of Project Management, 25(8), 781-790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.05.008.
Jha, K. N., & Iyer, K. C. (2006). Critical determinants of project coordination. International Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 314-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.11.005.
Jiang, J. J., Klein, G., Hwang, H., Huang, J., & Hung, S. (2004). An exploration of the relationship between software development process maturity and project performance. Information & Management, 41(3), 279-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(03)00052-1.
Jugdev, K., & Thomas, J. (2002). Project management maturity models: the silver bullets of the competitive advantage? Project Management Journal, 33(4), 4-14.
Kerzner, H. (2001). Strategic planning for project management using a project management maturity model. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Larsen, M., & Myers, M. (1999). When success turns into failure: a package-driven business process re-engineering project in the financial services industry. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 8(4), 395-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00025-1.
Meredith, J. R., & Mantel, S. J. (2000). Project management: a managerial approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Milosevic, D., & Patanakul, P. (2005). Standardized project management may increase development projects success. International Journal of Project Management, 23(3), 181-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.11.002.
Mullaly, M. (2006). Longitudinal analysis of project management maturity. Project Management Journal, 36(3), 62-73.
Nandhakumar, J. (1996). Design for success? Critical success factors in executive information systems development. European Journal of Information Systems, 5(1), 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejis.1996.12.
Nguyen, L. D., Ogunlana, S. O., & Lan, D. T. X. (2004). A study on project success factors in large construction projects in Vietnam. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 11(6), 404-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410570166.
Papke-Shields, K. E., Beise, C., & Quan, J. (2010). Do project managers practice what they preach, and does it matter to project success? International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 650-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.11.002.
Paulk, M. C., Curtis, B., & Chrissis, M. B. (1991). Capability maturity models for software. Pittsburg: Carnegie Mellon University.
Paulk, M. C., Weber, C. V., Curtis, B., & Chrissis, M. B. (1995). The capability maturity model: guidelines for improving the software process/CMU/SEI. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Pennypacker, J. S., & Grant, K. P. (2003). Project management maturity: an industry benchmark. Project Management Journal, 34(1), 4-11.
Pinto, J. K., & Mantel Junior, S. J. (1990). The causes of project failure. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 37(4), 269-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.62322.
Pinto, J. K., & Slevin, D. P. (1987). Critical factors in successful project implementation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 34(1), 22-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1987.6498856.
Pinto, J. K., & Slevin, D. P. (1988). Project success: definitions and measurement techniques. Project Management Journal, 19(1), 67-72.
Project Management Institute. (2008a). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK Guide) (4. ed.). Newtown Square: Project Management Institute.
Project Management Institute. (2008b). Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3). Newtown Square: Project Management Institute.
Qureshi, T. M., Warraich, A. S., & Hijazi, S. T. (2009). Significance of Project Management Performance Assessment (PMPA) model. International Journal of Project Management, 27(4), 378-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.05.001.
Rabechini Junior, R., Carvalho, M. M., & Laurindo, F. J. B. (2002). Fatores críticos para implementação de gerenciamento por projetos: o caso de uma organização de pesquisa. Produção, 12(2), 28-41.
Rockart, J. F. (1979). Chief executives define their own data needs. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 81-93. PMid:10297607.
Sanchez, H., & Robert, B. (2010). Measuring portfolio strategic performance using key performance indicators. Project Management Journal, 41(5), 64-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20165.
Shenhar, A. J., & Dvir, D. (2007). Reinventing project management: the diamond approach to successful growth and innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Software Engineering Institute. (2006). CMMI-DEV: the capability maturity model for development. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellow University.
The Standish Group. (2009). CHAOS Summary 2009. Recuperado em 28 de setembro de 2011, de http://www.standishgroup.com/
Thomas, J., & Mullaly, M. (2007). Understanding the value of project management: first steps on an international investigation in search of value. Project Management Journal, 38(3), 74-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20007.
Toor, S. R., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2010). Beyond the ‘iron triangle’: stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 228-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.05.005.
Wateridge, J. (1995). IT projects: a basis for success. International Journal of Project Management, 13(3), 169-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(95)00020-Q.
Yazici, H. J. (2009). The role of project management maturity and organizational culture in perceived performance. Project Management Journal, 40(3), 14-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20121.
Yu, A. G., Flett, P. D., & Bowers, J. A. (2005). Developing a value-centred proposal for assessing project success. International Journal of Project Management, 23(6), 428-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.01.008.
Zwikael, O. (2008). Top management involvement in project management. Exclusive support practices for different project scenarios. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 1(3), 387-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370810883837.
Ahadzie, D. K., Proverbs, D., & Olomolaiye, P. (2008). Towards developing competency-based measures for construction project managers: should contextual behaviours be distinguished from task behaviours? International Journal of Project Management, 26(6), 631-645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.09.011.
Andersen, E. S., & Jessen, S. A. (2003). Project maturity in organizations. International Journal of Project Management, 21(6), 457-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(02)00088-1.
Archibald, R. D. (1976). Managing high-technology programs and projects. New York: John Wiley.
Aubry, M., & Hobbs, B. (2010). A fresh look at the contribution of project management to organizational performance. Project Management Journal, 42(1), 3-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20213.
Berssaneti, F. T., Assumpção, A., & Nakao, O. S. (2014). Engenharia e construção: quais variáveis contribuem para o sucesso dos projetos executados atualmente no Brasil. Gestão & Produção, 21(1), 95-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-530X2014005000009.
Berssaneti, F. T., Carvalho, M. M., & Muscat, A. R. N. (2012). Impacto dos modelos de referência e maturidade no gerenciamento de projetos: estudo exploratório em projetos de tecnologia da informação. Produção, 22(3), 405-420.
Chan, A. P. C., & Chan, A. P. L. (2004). Key performance indicators for measuring construction success. Benchmarking: An International Journal, 11(2), 203-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14635770410532624.
Cooke-Davies, T. (2002). The “real” success factors on projects. International Journal of Project Management, 20(3), 185-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(01)00067-9.
Daniel, D. R. (1961). Management information crisis. Harvard Business Review, 39(5), 111-121.
Dinsmore, P. C. (1998). Winning business with enterprise project management. New York: AMACOM.
Dion, R. (1993). Process improvement and the corporate balance sheet. IEEE Software, 10(4), 28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/52.219618.
Fortune, J., & White, D. (2006). Framing of project critical success factors by a systems model. International Journal of Project Management, 24(1), 53-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.07.004.
Gareis, R., & Huemann, M. (2000). Project management competences in the project-oriented organization. In J. R. Turner and S. J. Simister (Eds.), The gower handbook of project management (pp. 709-721). Aldershot: Gower.
Godoy, A. S. (1995). Introdução à pesquisa qualitativa e suas possibilidades. Revista de Administração de Empresas, 35(2), 57-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0034-75901995000200008.
Grant, K. P., & Pennypacker, J. S. (2006). Project management maturity: an assessment of project management capabilities among and between selected industries. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 53(1), 59-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2005.861802.
Gray, R. J. (2001). Organisational climate and project success. International Journal of Project Management, 19(2), 103-109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0263-7863(99)00060-5.
Humphrey, W. S. (1989). Managing the software process (SEI Series in Software Engineering). Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Ibbs, C., & Kwak, Y. (2000). Assessing project management maturity. Project Management Journal, 31(1), 32-43.
Jaafari, A. (2007). Project and program diagnostics: a systemic approach. International Journal of Project Management, 25(8), 781-790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2007.05.008.
Jha, K. N., & Iyer, K. C. (2006). Critical determinants of project coordination. International Journal of Project Management, 24(4), 314-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.11.005.
Jiang, J. J., Klein, G., Hwang, H., Huang, J., & Hung, S. (2004). An exploration of the relationship between software development process maturity and project performance. Information & Management, 41(3), 279-288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7206(03)00052-1.
Jugdev, K., & Thomas, J. (2002). Project management maturity models: the silver bullets of the competitive advantage? Project Management Journal, 33(4), 4-14.
Kerzner, H. (2001). Strategic planning for project management using a project management maturity model. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Larsen, M., & Myers, M. (1999). When success turns into failure: a package-driven business process re-engineering project in the financial services industry. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 8(4), 395-417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-8687(00)00025-1.
Meredith, J. R., & Mantel, S. J. (2000). Project management: a managerial approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Milosevic, D., & Patanakul, P. (2005). Standardized project management may increase development projects success. International Journal of Project Management, 23(3), 181-192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2004.11.002.
Mullaly, M. (2006). Longitudinal analysis of project management maturity. Project Management Journal, 36(3), 62-73.
Nandhakumar, J. (1996). Design for success? Critical success factors in executive information systems development. European Journal of Information Systems, 5(1), 62-72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/ejis.1996.12.
Nguyen, L. D., Ogunlana, S. O., & Lan, D. T. X. (2004). A study on project success factors in large construction projects in Vietnam. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 11(6), 404-413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09699980410570166.
Papke-Shields, K. E., Beise, C., & Quan, J. (2010). Do project managers practice what they preach, and does it matter to project success? International Journal of Project Management, 28(7), 650-662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.11.002.
Paulk, M. C., Curtis, B., & Chrissis, M. B. (1991). Capability maturity models for software. Pittsburg: Carnegie Mellon University.
Paulk, M. C., Weber, C. V., Curtis, B., & Chrissis, M. B. (1995). The capability maturity model: guidelines for improving the software process/CMU/SEI. Reading: Addison-Wesley.
Pennypacker, J. S., & Grant, K. P. (2003). Project management maturity: an industry benchmark. Project Management Journal, 34(1), 4-11.
Pinto, J. K., & Mantel Junior, S. J. (1990). The causes of project failure. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 37(4), 269-276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.62322.
Pinto, J. K., & Slevin, D. P. (1987). Critical factors in successful project implementation. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 34(1), 22-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1987.6498856.
Pinto, J. K., & Slevin, D. P. (1988). Project success: definitions and measurement techniques. Project Management Journal, 19(1), 67-72.
Project Management Institute. (2008a). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK Guide) (4. ed.). Newtown Square: Project Management Institute.
Project Management Institute. (2008b). Organizational Project Management Maturity Model (OPM3). Newtown Square: Project Management Institute.
Qureshi, T. M., Warraich, A. S., & Hijazi, S. T. (2009). Significance of Project Management Performance Assessment (PMPA) model. International Journal of Project Management, 27(4), 378-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2008.05.001.
Rabechini Junior, R., Carvalho, M. M., & Laurindo, F. J. B. (2002). Fatores críticos para implementação de gerenciamento por projetos: o caso de uma organização de pesquisa. Produção, 12(2), 28-41.
Rockart, J. F. (1979). Chief executives define their own data needs. Harvard Business Review, 57(2), 81-93. PMid:10297607.
Sanchez, H., & Robert, B. (2010). Measuring portfolio strategic performance using key performance indicators. Project Management Journal, 41(5), 64-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20165.
Shenhar, A. J., & Dvir, D. (2007). Reinventing project management: the diamond approach to successful growth and innovation. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Software Engineering Institute. (2006). CMMI-DEV: the capability maturity model for development. Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellow University.
The Standish Group. (2009). CHAOS Summary 2009. Recuperado em 28 de setembro de 2011, de http://www.standishgroup.com/
Thomas, J., & Mullaly, M. (2007). Understanding the value of project management: first steps on an international investigation in search of value. Project Management Journal, 38(3), 74-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20007.
Toor, S. R., & Ogunlana, S. O. (2010). Beyond the ‘iron triangle’: stakeholder perception of key performance indicators (KPIs) for large-scale public sector development projects. International Journal of Project Management, 28(3), 228-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2009.05.005.
Wateridge, J. (1995). IT projects: a basis for success. International Journal of Project Management, 13(3), 169-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0263-7863(95)00020-Q.
Yazici, H. J. (2009). The role of project management maturity and organizational culture in perceived performance. Project Management Journal, 40(3), 14-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmj.20121.
Yu, A. G., Flett, P. D., & Bowers, J. A. (2005). Developing a value-centred proposal for assessing project success. International Journal of Project Management, 23(6), 428-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2005.01.008.
Zwikael, O. (2008). Top management involvement in project management. Exclusive support practices for different project scenarios. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 1(3), 387-403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17538370810883837.
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